Review Article
Antioxidant and Cell-Signaling Functions of Hydrogen Sulfide in the Central Nervous System
Figure 2
Potential molecular targets in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) signaling in the central nervous system (CNS). H2S targets protein kinase A (PKA) and activates PKA stimulation or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) upregulation which has effects on neurons, microglia, and the cell lines such as B12 and B49. It also activates mitogen and tyrosine kinases which initiates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibition as well as stimulation of the reducing activity in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. Oxidative stress has activity on suppression of peroxynitrites (ONOO−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and upregulation of glutathione (GSH) or glutamate. Additionally, H2S activates on calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl−) channels in neurons, astrocytes, and cell lines such as HT22 and NG108–15. Moreover, H2S has effects on neurons in neurotransmission such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor inhibition, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) potentiation glutamate release, and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition. In these ways, H2S stimulates molecular targets on the CNS to impart their different functions.