Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract Protects against Myocardial Injury via Attenuation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic ApoE^−/− Mice

Figure 9

Mechanism underlying the protective effects of GBE against myocardial injury induced by hyperglycemia. The three pathways of UPR could activate NF-κB by phosphorylation of IKK, promoting the production of inflammation cytokines. TNF-α activates NF-κB in the presence of ROS in a positive feedback loop, resulting in the generation of more inflammatory cytokines, leading to intramyocardial inflammation, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and myocardial fibrosis. GBE attenuated diabetic myocardial injury via blocking ERS. ROS: reactive oxygen species.