Emodin, Physcion, and Crude Extract of Rhamnus sphaerosperma var. pubescens Induce Mixed Cell Death, Increase in Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Inhibition of AKT in Cervical and Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cell Lines

Table 1

Chemical shift values and coupling constants of ¹H NMR spectra for chrysophanol, emodin, and physcion.

Position	Chemical shift (ppm) ^1H
	Chrysophanol	Emodin	Physcion
1 (C)–OH	12.09	12.21 (s)	12.10 (s)
2 (CH)	7.09 (m)	7.08 (dq; e 0.8 Hz)	7.07 (m)
3 (methyl)	2.46 (s)	2.45 (dd; e 0.5 Hz)	2.45 (s)
4 (CH)	7.65 (m)	7.60 (dq; e 0.5 Hz)	7.62 (m)
5 (CH)	7.81 (d; )	7.23 (d; )	7.35 (d; )
6 (CH)	7.68 (dd; e 7.8 Hz)	—	—
6 (methoxyl)	—	—	3.93 (s)
7 (CH)	7.28 (d; )	6.63 (d; )	6.67 (d; )
8 (C)–OH	12.11 (s)	12.31 (s)	12.29 (s)

J = coupling constant; d = doublet; dd = double doublet; dq = double quartet; s = singlet; t = triplet; m = multiplet.