Emodin, Physcion, and Crude Extract of Rhamnus sphaerosperma var. pubescens Induce Mixed Cell Death, Increase in Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Inhibition of AKT in Cervical and Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cell Lines

Table 2

Capture capacity for O₂^•−, HOCl/OCl⁻, and ^•NO.

	EC50 (μg/mL)
	O2^•−	HOCl/OCl^−	^•NO
Curcumin	59.45 ± 5.85 b	0.5336 ± 0.081 b	15.69 ± 1.03 b
Gallic acid	18.81 ± 0.46 c	0.2843 ± 0.02 b	604.5 ± 52.52 a
Quercetin	13.48 ± 0.23 c	0.2594 ± 0.04 b	4.411 ± 1.69 c
Trolox	436.6 ± 9.39 a	4.578 ± 0.14 a	—
EERs	100.5 ± 0.68 d	3.195 ± 0.09 c	95.43 ± 8.73 d
HFRs	409.5 ± 26.36 a	4.99 ± 0.15 a	152.5 ± 4.11 e
CFRs	348.7 ± 12.02 e	3.028 ± 0.25 c	148.2 ± 10.34 e
EAFRs	144.7 ± 10.67 d	2.323 ± 0.12 d	49.7 ± 13.79 f
	EC50 (μM)
	O2^•−	HOCl/OCl^−	^•NO
Curcumin	112.9 ± 11.14 b	1.014 ± 0.15 b	30.62 ± 2.01 b
Gallic acid	110.6 ± 2.72 b	1.672 ± 0.10 b	3556 ± 309 a
Quercetin	44.61 ± 0.75 c	0.8583 ± 0.14 b	14.59 ± 5.58 b
Trolox	1813 ± 52.81 a	17.82 ± 0.55 a	—
Emodin	140.8 ± 1.44 d	26.56 ± 0.74 c	52.03 ± 4.28 c
Physcion	—	33.1 ± 4.06 c	377 ± 16.71 d
Chrysophanol	—	23.56 ± 1.12 c	243 ± 18.3 e

Results are expressed as mean of the error (), analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-test (different letters represent statistical difference) (− = no activity).