Emodin, Physcion, and Crude Extract of Rhamnus sphaerosperma var. pubescens Induce Mixed Cell Death, Increase in Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Inhibition of AKT in Cervical and Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cell Lines
Table 3
Micronuclei assay.
Micronuclei frequency (%)
SiHa
C33A
HSC-3
HaCaT
DMSO (1%, v/v)
0.939 ± 0.09
0.617 ± 0.03
4.16 ± 0.54
0.177 ± 0.02
H2O2 (0.1 mM)
1.916 ± 0.32
1.190 ± 0.16
9.33 ± 0.63
1.198 ± 0.27
Chrysophanol
3.125 μg/mL (12.3 μM)
3.894 ± 0.33
0.757 ± 0.20
3.913 ± 0.69
0.228 ± 0.18
6.25 μg/mL (24.5 μM)
2.832 ± 0.21
1.129 ± 0.05
2.655 ± 0.063
0.066 ± 0.02
12.5 μg/mL (49.1 μM)
2.431 ± 0.2
1.403 ± 0.07
2.706 ± 0.9
0.151 ± 0.09
Emodin
3.125 μg/mL (11.6 μM)
2.120 ± 0.13
0.932 ± 0.08
4.720 ± 0.82
0.181 ± 0.06
6.25 μg/mL (23.2 μM)
2.428 ± 0.36
1.318 ± 0.13
4.246 ± 1.23
0.296 ± 0.16
12.5 μg/mL (46.3 μM)
3.528 ± 0.19
1.081 ± 0.04
2.789 ± 1.63
0.102 ± 0.018
Physcion
3.125 μg/mL (10.9 μM)
1.699 ± 0.26
1.298 ± 0.06
5.723 ± 0.96
0.478 ± 0.21
6.25 μg/mL (21.9 μM)
1.990 ± 0.27
1.246 ± 0.12
4.794 ± 1.02
0.421 ± 0.091
12.5 μg/mL (43.8 μM)
1.896 ± 0.17
1.143 ± 0.15
4.915 ± 0.76
0.239 ± 0.19
Hydrogen peroxide (0.1 mM) as positive control and DMSO (1%, v/v) as vehicle control. error of the number of micronuclei found in three independent experiments on cells. All cells were analyzed by the IN Cell Analyzer 2000 (GE Healthcare) software. (;; compared to vehicle control analyzed by ANOVA and Newman–Keuls post-test).
