NRF2 Activation Inhibits Both TGF-β1- and IL-13-Mediated Periostin Expression in Fibroblasts: Benefit of Cinnamaldehyde for Antifibrotic Treatment

Figure 5

Effects of cinnamaldehyde on TGF-β1- and IL-13-induced ROS production in dermal fibroblasts. NHDF cells were precultured in 25 μM cinnamaldehyde (CIN) for 16 h and then treated with 20 ng/mL TGF-β1 or 50 ng/mL IL-13 for 20 min. Cells were incubated with carboxy-H₂DCFDA for 25 min, and ROS production was visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Scale bars, 100 μm.