Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Targets

Figure 1

Mechanisms of inflammation-derived endothelial dysfunction. The CD40-CD40L pathway stimulates mucosal inflammation and causes increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin- (IL-) 8, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules, and causes angiogenesis-stimulating intestinal fibroblasts to release angiogenic cytokines.