Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Targets

Table 2

Mediators involved in endothelium dysfunction.

Author(s) (year)	Studied factors	Ref.
Garolla et al. (2009)	EPCs	[26]
Scaldaferri et al. (2011)	NO, endothelin 1, vWF, and CAM superfamily	[27]
Charo et al. (2006)	Integrins and chemokine receptors	[29]
Hatoum et al. (2003)	CAM superfamily and chemokines	[31]
Danese et al. (2011)	ICAM-1 and VCAM-1	[36]
Briskin et al. (1997); Burgio et al. (1995); Cromer et al. (2011)	MAdCAM-1, CD4, and α4β7 integrins	[34]; [35]; [36]
Wang et al. (2003); Pasceri et al. (2000); Venugopal et al. (2005); Clapp et al. (2005)	RCP	[37]; [38]; [39]; [40]
Roifman et al. (2008); Danese et al. (2007); Danese et al. (2006); Kullo et al. (2005); Vita et al. (2004)	IL-1, TNF-α, NO, VEGF, CD40-CD40-ligand, and IL-6	[41]; [42]; [43]; [44]; [45]
Floege et al. (2004)	IL-1, TNF-α, ROS, matrix metalloproteinases, serine proteinases	[46]
Koutroubakis et al. (2006)	Inflammatory cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells, and fibroblasts),VEGF, and TNF-α	[47]
Horowitz et al. (2007)	NO	[49]
Steyers et al. (2014)	TNF-α and NO	[22]
Sibal et al. (2010); Boger et al. (2009)	ADMA	[51]; [52]
Kleinbongard et al. (2010); Picchi et al. (2006)	TNF-α	[53]; [54]
Kalinowski et al. (2004)	NADH/NADPH	[55]
Kundu et al. (2012); Wolin (2000)	ROS, NF-κB, and CAM superfamily	[56]; [57]
Biniecka et al. (2011)	NF-κB, NOX, and ROS	[58]
Lancellotti et al. (2010)	vWF	[59]
Ciccone et al. (2015); Desreumaux et al. 1(999)	PAI-1, t-PA, and u-PA	[60]; [61]

EPCs: endothelial precursor cells; NO: nitric oxide; vWF: von Willebrand factor; CAM: cell adhesion molecule; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule; VCAM-1: vascular adhesion molecule; MAdCAM-1: mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1; RCP: reactive C protein; IL: interleukin; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; ROS: reactive oxygen species; ADMA: asymmetric dimethylarginine; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADP: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NF-κB: nuclear factor kB; PAI: plasminogen activator inhibitor; t-PA: tissue-type plasminogen activator; u-PA: urokinase-type plasminogen activator.