TLR4 Activation Promotes the Progression of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis to Dilated Cardiomyopathy by Inducing Mitochondrial Dynamic Imbalance

Figure 3

TLR4 activation increased the oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine level in DCM mice. (a) ROS production in the cardiac sections was evaluated with dihydroethidium (DHE) staining. Bar, 20 μm. (b) Quantitative analysis of ROS as normalized to the sham group (). (c–e) Serum levels of TNF-α (c), IL-1β (d), and IL-6 (e) were measured by Multiplex Immunoassays (). , versus sham; , versus control; versus control.

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