Regulation of Tumor Progression by Programmed Necrosis

Figure 3

Molecular mechanisms of HMGB1-induced tumor progression and metastasis. HMGB1 is ubiquitous in the tumor microenvironment and functions through activating NF-κB signaling pathways. Extracellular HMGB1 binds to several receptors, including RAGE, TLR2, and TLR4, and activates downstream signaling pathways, such as MAP kinases and myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88- (MyD88-) dependent NF-κB pathways. NF-κB increases expression of its target genes (such as IL-6, IL-8, and Snail) to regulate cancer growth, angiogenesis, EMT, invasion, and metastasis.