Biological Effects of Tetrahydroxystilbene Glucoside: An Active Component of a Rhizome Extracted from Polygonum multiflorum

Table 2

Protective effect against Alzheimer’s disease.

Experimental model	Dose	Effects and possible mechanism	Reference number
SAMP8 mice	2, 20, and 50 μM	Improves the memory ability and prolonged the life span of mice; ↑ the protein level of neural klotho; ↓ the levels of neural insulin, insulin-receptor, IGF-1, and IGF-1 receptor	[3]
SAMP8 mice	33, 100, and 300 mg/kg	Prevention of age-related learning and memory impairment; ↑ ChAT activity; ↓ AChE activity; ↑the synthesis of NE, DA, and 5-HT; ↓ glutamic acid and aspartic acid contents	[35–37]
APP695V717I transgenic mice	100 mg/kg	Improve learning, memory, and spatial orientation behavioral functions in mice; ↓ Aβ neurotoxicity-induced injury to endoplasmic reticulum functions	[41]
HEK-293FT cells; SH-SY5Y cells; APP/PS1 transgenic mice NaN3-induced rats	10–200 μM; 50 mg/kg	Activation of AKT-GSK3β signaling pathway; ↓ APP–KPI^+ and amyloid plaque formation; ↓ the splicing activity of ASF, APP–KPI^+ levels, Aβ deposition	[15]
	60 and 120 mg/kg	↑ Mitochondrial COX activity; NGF, BDNF, TrkB expression; ↓ Aβ1–42 content; APP, BACE1, and PS1 expression	[42]
Aβ-induced N9 and BV2 cells	90 μM	↓ iNOS, NO, COX-2, and PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α; ↑ IL-10, BDNF, and GDNF, Arg-1; ↓ PU.1 overexpression	[44]
Aβ1–42-induced PC12 cells	0.1, 1, and 10 μmol/l	↑ Cell survival rate; ↓LDH release, MDA content; ↑SOD activity and Bcl-2 expression	[47]
Aβ1–40-induced mice	100 mg/kg	Prevention of learning and memory impairment; ↓ IL-6 content, MDA content, and MAO-B activity; ↑ T-AOC activity	[48, 49]
Aβ1–42-induced mice	30, 60, and 120 mg/kg	↓ Oxidative damage; inhibited the expression of Keap1/Nrf2 pathway	[50]
Aβ-induced HT-22 cells	60 μmol/l	↓ Oxidative stress; activation of Nrf2-HO-1 signaling	[51]
APPV717I transgenic mice	120 and 240 μmol/kg	Improves learning–memory impairment; ↓ Aβ content; ↓ α-synuclein overexpression and aggregation	[40, 55]
Aged rats	30 and 60 mg/kg	↑ Synapses and synaptic vesicles, SYP expression in the hippocampal CA1 region	[56]
Aged mice	50,100, and 200 mg/kg	Enhances the memory and movement functions, protected the synaptic ultrastructure; ↑ synapse-related proteins and p-CaMKII	[10]
PC12 cells	1 μM and 5 μM	Induces neurite outgrowth, promotes PC12 cell differentiation; ↑ intracellular calcium levels, facilitates HFS-induced hippocampal LTP, activates CaMKII and extracellular ERK	[61]