Biological Effects of Tetrahydroxystilbene Glucoside: An Active Component of a Rhizome Extracted from Polygonum multiflorum

Table 3

Protective effect against Parkinson’s disease.

Experimental model	Dose	Effects and possible mechanism	Reference number
MPP^+-induced PC12 cells	1–10 μM	↑ Cell viability; ↓ cell apoptosis; ↓ intracellular ROS and the phosphorylated JNK; ↑ SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities, ↑ Bcl-2/Bax ratio, MMP; ↓ MDA content, cytochrome c, caspase-3; activation of PI3K/Akt pathway	[69–71]
MPP^+-induced A53T AS cells	3.125–50 μM	↓ α-Syn overexpression and aggregation; enhancing mitochondrial function; ↓ ROS level; ↓ cell apoptosis	[76]
6-OHDA-induced PC12 cells	10–50 μM	↓ Intracellular ROS and NO; ↓ overexpression of iNOS, nNOS; ↓ 3-NT level	[79]
MPTP-induced mice	20 or 40 mg/kg	Reverses the MPTP-induced behavioral deficits; ↑ TH-positive neurons in SNpc; ↑DA and its metabolites contents, and DAT protein in striatum; activation of PI3K/Akt pathway; inhibition of the ROS-mediated JNK, P38, and mitochondrial pathways	[16, 80]
6-OHDA-induced rats; primary rat midbrain neuron-glia cocultures	10 and 50 mg/kg; 20–80 μM	↓ Neurotoxicity; suppressed microglia activation and proinflammatory factors; inactivation of MAPK signaling pathway	[83]
Primary rat microglia- and astroglia-enriched cultures; LPS-induced rats	20–80 μM; 10 and 50 mg/kg	↓ Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation; enhancing astroglia-derived neurotrophic effects	[11]