Biological Effects of Tetrahydroxystilbene Glucoside: An Active Component of a Rhizome Extracted from Polygonum multiflorum

Table 4

Protective effects against cerebral ischemia injury.

Experimental model	Dose	Effects and possible mechanism	Reference number
OGD-R-induced cell; MCAO mice	25 μM; 15 and 40 mg/kg	↓ Neuronal injury; ↓ intracellular ROS; ↓ [Ca^2+]i, ↑ MMP; ↓ brain infarct volume; ↓ cell apoptosis	[18]
Rat	0.038, 0.114, and 0.342 g/kg	↑ GSH-PX and SOD activities; ↓ MDA content	[88]
Gerbils	0.038, 0.114, and 0.342 g/kg	↓ Binding force of NMDA receptor; ↓ intracellular [Ca^2+]i	[89]
Rats	60 mg/kg	↑ The protein expression of HIF-1α and EPO	[91]
Rats	30, 60, and 120 mg/kg	↓ Cell apoptosis; ↑ Bcl-2; ↓ Bax	[92]
Rats	30, 60, and 120 mg/kg	↓ AChE activity; ↑ the expression of protein PP-2A and MAP-2	[95]
Rats	30, 60, and 120 mg/kg	Promoted postoperative recovery in rats; ↓ volume of cerebral infarcts; improving neurological dysfunction; ↑ microvessel density in the brain; ↑ CD31 expression; ↑ levels of VEGF, Ang 1, and Tie-2	[12]