| | Experimental model | Dose | Effects and possible mechanism | Reference number |
| | Hyperlipidemic rats | 90 and 180 mg/kg | ↓ Serum TC, LDL-C, and AI levels; ↑ the mRNA expression of LDLR in the liver cells | [100] | | Hyperlipidemia rats | 12 and 24 g/kg | ↓ Serum TC, TG, LDL-c, apoB, and MDA; ↑ serum SOD, CAT, GSH-PX, and T-AOC; ↑ the ratios of HDL-c/TC and apoAI/apoB | [101] | | ApoE−/− mice; RAW264.7 cells | 50 and 100 mg/kg; 10 and 100 μM | ↓ TC, TG, and LDL-C; ↑ HDL-c, SR-BI, ABCG5, and CYP7A1 expression; ↑ the protein expressions of ABCA1 and ABCG1 | [104] | | Atherosclerotic rats | 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg | ↑ NO levels in the serum and aorta; ↑ NOS content and the expression of eNOS, eNOS mRNA; ↓ the expression of iNOS, iNOS mRNA | [103, 107] | | Atherosclerotic rats | 120, 60, or 30 mg/kg | ↓ CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α levels | [102] | | HUVECs | 0.1, 1, or 10 μmol/l | ↓ Mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, lipid peroxidation, ROS, and MDA;
↑ SOD and GSH-Px; ↓ the expression of Notch1, Hes1, and MCP-1 | [112, 113] | | VSMCs | 10 and 100 μmol/l | ↓ VSMC proliferation; ↓ cell cycle transition from G0/G1 phase to S phase;
↓ PCNA expression in the nucleus of VSMCs | [116] | | HUVECs | 50 and 100 μM | ↓ Vimentin mRNA and protein levels;
↓ TGFβ/Smad signaling pathway and caspase-3 activation | [119] |
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