Free Radical Damage in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: An Obstacle in Acute Ischemic Stroke after Revascularization Therapy

Figure 3

Adjunctive therapies against free radical damage in ischemia-reperfusion injury. RIC improves cerebral blood flow by increase in the generation of NO and inhibits the activation of NADPH oxidase in neutrophils. Hypothermia decreases the generation of free radicals, inhibits the induction of oxidative DNA lesions, and suppresses immune system. Edaravone eliminates free radicals and enhances the release of NO. Besides, edaravone also inhibits inflammatory responses and MMP cascade. UA can scavenge free radicals and suppress lipid peroxidation. Citicoline plays a key role in maintenance of membrane against free radical damage. Dashed line indicates inhibition, whereas real line indicates enhancement. UA: uric acid; RIC: remote ischemic conditioning; EAA: excitatory amino acid. “↑” demonstrates events that are increased or enhanced.