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| Experimental model | Animal and/or cells lines | Dose or concentration of eugenol | Inflammatory parameters evaluated | Biological effect | References |
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| In vitro and in vivo leukocyte migration induced by fMLP, LTB4, and carrageenan | BALB/c mice | 0.5, 1, 3, 9, or 27 μg/mL
62.5, 125, or 250 mg/kg | Leukocyte migration | Decreased the number of leukocytes that rolled, adhered, and migrated to perivascular tissue | [50] |
| Model of allergic asthma | BALB/c mice | 10 or 20 mg/kg | Cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5) levels, histological assessment, and VDUP1/NF-κB signaling pathways | Inhibited OVA-induced eosinophilia, recovered IL-4 and IL-5 levels, inhibited P-IκBα, NF-κBP65, and p-NF-κBP65 protein levels, and increased VDUP1 and IκBα protein levels. | [51] |
| LPS-induced inflammatory reaction in acute lung injury | BALB/c mice | 5 or 10 mg/kg | Activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPx, and GST) and inflammatory markers (MPO, IL-6, and TNF-α) and inflammatory cells recruitment | Reduced the IL-6 and TNF-α expression, suppressed NF-κB signaling, decreased the leukocyte recruitment, and increased the protein levels (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST) | [41] |
| LPS-induced lung injury | BALB/c mice | 160 mg/kg body | Inflammatory cells, TNF-α, and NF-κB levels | Reduced the neutrophil recruitment, macrophages, TNF-α, and NF-κB expression | [52] |
| Diesel exhaust particles induced pulmonary damage | BALB/c mice | 164 mg/kg | Amounts of polymorpho (PMN) and mononuclear cells, apoptosis, and oxidative stress | Prevented the PMN infiltration, reduced apoptosis through caspase-3 cleavage, but limited the effects on oxidative stress | [53] |
| Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury | Wistar rats | 10 or 100 mg/kg | Inflammatory markers (MPO, TNF-α, and NF-κB p65) and oxidative stress (GSH and MDA) | Reduced MPO, TNF-α, NF-κB, and MDA. Eugenol also increased GSH levels. | [54] |
| Isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction | Wistar rats | 100 mg/kg | Cells inflammatory infiltration, oxidative stress, and protein biomarker (α1, α2, β1, β2, and γ globulin) | Reduction of inflammatory cells infiltration and mediators proteins, increased SOD, GPx, and GSH, with reduction of TBARS | [55] |
| LPS-induced inflammatory signalizing | Macrophage RAW 264.7 | 1, 10, 50, or 100 μM | Inflammatory markers (NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB), regulatory enzymes (iNOS), and signal transduction (Akt, ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK) | Reduced NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, and iNOS expression. Eugenol also decreased the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways | [57] |
| LPS-activated peritoneal macrophages | BALB/c mice | 0.31, 0.62, 1.24, or 2.48 μg/mL | COX-2, NF-κB, and TNF-α expression in resting macrophages | Promoted hypoexpression of TNF-α, but not COX-2 or NF-κB | [58] |
| RANKL-induced osteoclast formation | RAW264.7 murine macrophages | 50, 100, or 200 μM | Degradation of IkBα and NF-κB, MAPK activation | Attenuated the degradation of IkBa, activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways | [5] |
| Alveolar bone deformities in an ovariectomized (OVX) rodent model | Wistar rats | 2.5 or 5 mg/kg | Histopathology and inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) | Reduced the inflammatory cell infiltrate, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels | [60] |
| LPS-induced inflammation | Human dental pulp fibroblasts | 13 μM | Genes expression (NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α) | Inhibition of TNF-α expression and NF-κB signaling pathway, but not IL-1β levels | [62] |
| Cutaneous chemical carcinogenesis | Swiss mice | 15% (v/v) | Inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α, PGE2, COX-2, and iNOS) and oxidative stress (MDA, GSH, GPx, GR, CAT, and GST) | Reduced the IL-6, TNF-α, PGE2, COX, and iNOS levels. Eugenol also decreased the MDA levels and increased the GSH content and activities of GR, CAT, GPx, and GST | [40] |
| Ability to interfere with cell growth | HeLa cells | 300 μM | Genes expression (COX-2 and IL-1β) | Reduced the COX-2 and IL-1β expression | [63] |
| Cisplatin-mediated toxicity | MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and BT-20 cells | 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, or 1.5 μM | Gene expression (NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α) | Reduced NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression | [23] |
| Postoperative alveolar osteitis in patients having third molars extracted | Human | 0.2% chlorhexidine gel, a eugenol-based paste | Postoperative pain, inflammation, infection, and wound healing | Reduced the incidence of alveolar osteitis, pain, inflammation, infection, and better wound healing compared to control group | [65] |
| Carrageenan-induced paw edema | Rats | 1, 2, or 4% | Paw edema | Inhibited the inflammation, reducing the edema | [64] |
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