Recent Advances in Studies on the Therapeutic Potential of Dietary Carotenoids in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Table 2

Bioactivities of representative food-derived carotenoids and their implications in neurodegenerative diseases.

Carotenoid	Bioactivity	Reference	Implication in ND	Reference
α-Carotene	Antioxidant	[6, 31]	AD: human	[130]
			PD: human	[137, 138]
β-Carotene	Antioxidant	[6, 30, 31]	AD: human	[130, 134, 135]
			PD: rodent	[137, 138]
			ALS: cell	[113]
Crocetin	Antioxidant	[35]	AD: cell	[121, 125]
	Antineuroinflammation	[54]
Crocin	Antioxidant	[34]	AD: rodent	[115]
	Antineuroinflammation	[57]	Cell	[114]
	Autophagy	[71]	PD: rodent	[117, 118]
			Drosophila	[119]
			Cell	[116]
β-Cryptoxanthin	Antioxidant	[6, 36]	AD: human	[130]
Lutein	Antioxidant	[6, 31]	AD: human	[130–133]
	Antineuroinflammation	[49–51, 53]	PD: rodent	[167]
	Autophagy	[68–70]	HD: rodent	[168]
Lycopene	Antioxidant	[6, 31]	AD: human	[130, 133]
	Antineuroinflammation	[64, 66]	Rodent	[36, 89, 91]
	Autophagy	[72–74]	C. elegans	[104]
			Cell	[100–102]
			PD: human	[138]
			Rodent	[92–95]
			Cell	[103]
			HD: rodent	[96–99]
Zeaxanthin	Antioxidant	[6, 31]	AD: human	[132, 133]
Marine
Astaxanthin	Antioxidant	[6, 31, 33]	AD: human	[134]
	Antineuroinflammation	[58, 59, 62]	Cell	[107, 108]
	Autophagy	[75, 76]	PD: rodent	[110]
			Cell	[109–112]
			ALS: cell	[113]
Fucoxanthin	Antioxidant	[16]	AD: rodent	[106]
	Antineuroinflammation	[63]	Cell	[105]
	Autophagy	[77]