More than Just an Immunosuppressant: The Emerging Role of FTY720 as a Novel Inducer of ROS and Apoptosis

Table 1

Classification of anticancer treatments based on their role in ROS homeostasis.

	Name	Mechanism of action	Cancer types	Ref.
Promotes ROS generation
Anticancer agent	Elesclomol	The induction of ROS and oxidative stress		[90]
Proteasome inhibitor	Bortezomib	Promotes ROS production via the endoplasmic reticulum system and apoptosis	Mantle cell lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma	[91, 92]
Polyphenolic compound	Curcumin	Promotes ROS generation through severe ER stress and growth inhibition/apoptosis	Metastatic colorectal cancer	[93]
Natural alkaloid	Cepharanthine (CEP)	Induces ROS production and promotes apoptosis through the mitochondrial signaling pathway	Choroidal melanoma	[94]
DNA intercalator	Adriamycin	Induces cell death that occurs probably due to a reduction in intracellular ROS formation, leading to induce p21 expression, a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor	Breast cancer	[95]
Platinum-based antineoplastic agent	Cisplatin	Induces a mitochondrial-dependent ROS response	Nonsmall lung cancer; the prostate cancer	[96]
A voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC)-binding compound	Erastin	Induces ROS production and caspase-dependent apoptosis	Colorectal cancer	[97]
A constituent of many edible cruciferous vegetables including broccoli	Sulforaphane	Inhibits thyroid cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through a ROS-dependent pathway	Prostate cancer	[98]
An inhibitor of N-glycosylation	Tunicamycin	Induces ER stress and promotes ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis by activating mTORC1 through the eNOS-RagC pathway	Prostate cancer	[99]
Hsp90 inhibitor	Geldanamycin	Increases intracellular calcium levels and ROS production and leads to ER stress-induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis	Brain tumor	[100]
Inhibits the antioxidant system
Glutathione synthesis inhibitor	Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO)	Induces oxidative stress by inhibiting the activity of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, an enzyme in the GSH synthesis pathway	Melanoma; ovarian and breast cancer; chronic myeloid leukemia	[101, 102]
Inorganic compound	Arsenic trioxide	Induces growth inhibition and apoptosis through hydrogen peroxide generation, GSH depletion and Trx1 downregulation	Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)	[103]
Inhibitor of thioredoxin	PX-12	Increases the percentages of GSH-depleted cells and induces G2/M-phase arrest and Bax-mediated and ROS-dependent apoptosis	Lung cancer cells	[104]
A potent xCT inhibitor	Sulfasalazine	Increases the ROS accumulation and decreasing the GSH	Liver cancer	[105]