Non-Provitamin A and Provitamin A Carotenoids as Immunomodulators: Recommended Dietary Allowance, Therapeutic Index, or Personalized Nutrition?

<div>Immunomodulatory effects of carotenoids and retinoic acid. <i>α</i>4<i>β</i>7: <i>α</i>4<i>β</i>7 integrin; APO10LA: Apo-10<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z" id="g50-31"></path></g></svg>-lycopenoic acid; ASC: antibody-secreting cells; BCO2: <i>β</i>-carotene 9<span class="nowrap"><svg height="11.4859pt" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z" id="g50-31"></path></g></svg>,</span>10<svg height="11.4859pt" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.4361 3.89517 11.4859" width="3.89517pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path d="M310 541L304 571C290 586 211 619 185 610L80 76L131 52L310 541Z" id="g50-31"></path></g></svg> oxygenase-2; CCR9: C-C chemokine receptor 9; CYP26: cytochrome P450 26; DC: dendritic cells; IFN: interferon; Ig: immunoglobulin; IL: interleukin; ILC: innate lymphoid cells; M: macrophages; MLN: mesenteric lymph nodes; NK: natural killer; RA: retinoic acid; TGF: transforming growth factor; Th: T helper; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; Treg: regulatory T. →: homing and improvement; −•: inhibition.</div>

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Figure 1

Figure 1: Non-Provitamin A and Provitamin A Carotenoids as Immunomodulators: Recommended Dietary Allowance, Therapeutic Index, or Personalized Nutrition? 

Figure 1 | Non-Provitamin A and Provitamin A Carotenoids as Immunomodulators: Recommended Dietary Allowance, Therapeutic Index, or Personalized Nutrition? 