Non-Provitamin A and Provitamin A Carotenoids as Immunomodulators: Recommended Dietary Allowance, Therapeutic Index, or Personalized Nutrition?

Table 1

Carotenoid food/spice content.

Range mg/100 g	α-Carotene	β-Carotene	β-Cryptoxanthin	Lutein + zeaxanthin	Lycopene
20–50		Carrot, paprika, peppers red			Tomatoes
10–20	Carrot	Carrots, peppers red		Chard, chicory greens, kale, paprika, pepper, spinach, turnip greens,	Catsup, tomatoes
5–10	Peppers red, pumpkin, carrot juice	Acai berry drink, carrot juice, carrots, chili powder, kale, parsley, pumpkin, spinach, turnip greens	Pepper, red or cayenne paprika	Basil, parsley, radicchio, watercress	Guavas, tomato juice, tomato soup
1–5	Carrot, chili powder, pepper	Apricots, broccoli, cabbage Chinese, cherries, chicory greens, endive, lettuce (green and red leaf), melons, oregano, parsley, peas green, peppers green, plums, pumpkin, sweet potato, thyme, watercress	Chili powder, squash	Broccoli, brussels sprouts, carrot, fava, lettuce (green and red leaf), oregano, parsley, peas green, pistachio, pumpkin, thyme, tomatoes, zucchini	Grapefruit (pink and red), papayas, watermelon

From: United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA) Food Composition Databases (https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/).