Review Article
Non-Provitamin A and Provitamin A Carotenoids as Immunomodulators: Recommended Dietary Allowance, Therapeutic Index, or Personalized Nutrition?
Table 4
Effects of lycopene and β-carotene supplementation on cardiometabolic outcomes.
| | Lycopene | Lutein | β-Carotene |
| Blood lipids | ↓ Cholesterol [99] | ↔ [135] | ↑ Cholesterol and triglycerides (asbestos-exposed) [98] | ↔ Cholesterol [136] | Diabetes/insulin resistance | | ↔ Insulin resistance [135] | ↔ Type 2 diabetes [137] | Diabetic macrovascular disease | | | ↔ [138] | Metabolic syndrome | | ↓ [135] | | Blood pressure | ↓ [100, 136] | ↔ [135] | | CVD and nonfatal myocardial infarction | | | ↑ [97, 98] | Stroke | ↓ [113] | | | Intracerebral hemorrhage | | | ↑ [96] | CV death | | | ↑ [103] |
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↓: decrease; ↑: increase; ↔: no change; CVD: cardiovascular disease; CV: cardiovascular.
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