Epigenetic Effects Induced by Methamphetamine and Methamphetamine-Dependent Oxidative Stress

Figure 11

Summarizing main epigenetic mechanisms. This cartoon roughly reports the main epigenetic enzymes carrying structural modifications of lysine (K) residues of histone tails and DNA promoter sequences at the level of CpG islands. HATs act by adding acetyl groups (Ac) which associates with increased gene expression; HDACs repress gene expression by removing Ac from K histone residues; KMT transfer methyl (Me) groups and KDMT remove Me groups from K histone residues; the effects of KMTs and KDMT on gene transcription depend on the specific histone K that is modified; DNMTs mediate increased methylation of cytosine (C) residues in CpG islands of gene promoters, which associates with repressed gene expression.