Role of Mitochondria in the Oxidative Stress Induced by Electromagnetic Fields: Focus on Reproductive Systems

Table 1

Review of studies investigating the effect of RF and ELF-MF on mitochondria and redox balance.

(a)

Reference	Radiation	SAR	Exposure time	Model	Temperature	Effect
[157]	RF 900 MHz	0.090 W/kg	Long-term exposure	Mice	—	Mitochondrial DNA damage
[158]	RF 900 MHz	2–5.7 W/kg	Short-term exposure	Human spermatozoa	Constant	No effect on mitochondria
[67]	RF 850 MHz	1.46 W/kg	Short-term exposure	Human semen	Room temperature	Loss in sperm motility and viability; Increased ROS production
[133]	RF 1.8 GHz	0.4–27.5 W/kg	Short-term exposure	Human spermatozoa	Constant	Mitochondrial ROS generation; Alterations of electron potential of mitochondrial membrane,; Oxidative DNA damage
[124]	RF 900–1800 MHz	—	Long-term exposure	Rat	Constant	Lower sperm motility; Decreased GSH levels; Oxidative damage
[140]	RF 900 MHz	0.9 W/kg	Long-term exposure	Rat	—	Decreased antioxidant enzyme activity; Increased ROS production; Lipid peroxidation; Increased apoptosis
[144]	MW 10 GHz	0.014 W/kg	Long-term exposure	Rat	—	Spermatozoa cell cycle arrest; ROS production
[145]	RF 900–1800–1900 MHz	0.9 W/kg	Long-term exposure	Rat	—	Decreased antioxidant defences; Lipid peroxidation
[122]	RF 900 MHz	—	Long-term exposure	Rat	—	Decreased sperm count; Decreased antioxidant defences; Lipid peroxidation
[141]	RF 900 MHz	0.66 W/kg	Long-term exposure	Rat	—	Decreased sperm viability; Increased ROS production; Increased apoptosis
[156]	RF 1800–1900 MHz	—	Long-term exposure	Human	—	Mitochondrial damage
[154]	RF 900 MHz pulsed	0.0516–0.0054 W/kg	Long-term exposure	Mice	—	Alterations of electron potential of mitochondrial membrane; DNA damage
[146]	RF 902.4 MHz	0.00516–0.0054 W/kg	Long-term exposure	Mice	—	Decreased antioxidant defences; Lipid peroxidation; DNA damage; Decreased sperm count
[142]	RF 900 MHz	0.0067 W/kg	Long-term exposure	Rat	Constant	Imbalance in total antioxidant capacity; Lipid peroxidation
[155]	RF 1800 MHz	0.15 W/kg	Short-term exposure	Mouse germ cells	—	Increased ROS production; DNA fragmentation; Oxidative DNA damage
[143]	RF 1800 MHz	4 W/kg	Short-term exposure	Mouse germ cells	—	Oxidative DNA damage; Increased autophagy

(b)

References	Radiation	Magnetic flux density	Exposure time	Model	Temperature	Effect
[159]	ELF-MF 50 Hz	1 mT	Short-term exposure	Boar	—	Lower mitochondrial activity
[160]	ELF-MF 50 Hz	8 mT	Long-term exposure	Rat	—	Mitochondrial damage
[161]	ELF-MF 50 Hz	5 mT	Short-term exposure	Human spermatozoa	Constant	Increased mitochondrial metabolism efficiency
[149]	ELF-MF 50 Hz	100 μT	Long-term exposure	Rat	Constant	Decreased antioxidant defences; Decreased sperm motility
[103]	ELF-MF 60 Hz	1 mT	Long-term exposure	Rat	—	Mitochondrial damage
[150]	ELF-MF 50 Hz	100–500 μT	Long-term exposure	Rat	Constant	No on effect rat sperm count; No effect on oxidative stress; Increased caspase 3 activity
[109]	ELF-MF 50 Hz	500 μT	Long-term exposure	Rat	—	No effect on oxidative stress
[147]	ELF-MF 120 Hz	2.5–8 mT	Short-term exposure	Mouse germ cells	—	Decreased viability; Increased ROS production; Increased apoptosis
[148]	ELF-MF 50 Hz	2.5 mT	Short-term exposure	Mouse germ cells	—	No effect on mitochondria; Increased ROS production; Decreased bcl-2 protein level