Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Research Article

Attenuation of High-Fat Diet-Induced Rat Liver Oxidative Stress and Steatosis by Combined Hydroxytyrosol- (HT-) Eicosapentaenoic Acid Supplementation Mainly Relies on HT

Table 2

General and hepatic parameters in control mice (CD) and high-fat diet (HFD) animals subjected to EPA, HT, and EPA plus HT. Values are presented as means 10 ± 8 mice per experimental group. Significant differences between the groups are indicated by the letter identifying each group (), by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni posttest


	Control diet (CD)				High-fat diet (HFD)
	Saline	EPA	HT	EPA + HT	Saline	EPA	HT	EPA + HT

General parameters	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)	(f)	(g)	(h)
Initial body weight (g)	14.71 ± 1.02	14.56 ± 1.11	14.38 ± 0.99	14.51 ± 0.91	14.26 ± 0.74	14.77 ± 1.02	14.31 ± 0.86	14.56 ± 0.97
Final body weight (g)	26.67 ± 3.51^e,g	25.47 ± 4.24^e,g	28.79 ± 1.76 ^e,g	26.96 ± 4.44	37.15 ± 5.01^a,b,c,d	33.13 ± 3.56^c	36.02 ± 3.15^a,b,c,d	30.00 ± 6.60^e,g
Total body weight increment (g)	11.95 ± 3.74^e	10.91 ± 4.44^g	14.42 ± 1.88^h	12.45 ± 4.02	22.89 ± 5.40^a,b,c,d	18.36 ± 2.99^c	21.71 ± 2.91^a,b,c,d	15.44 ± 6.11^e,g
Liver weight (g)	1.25 ± 0.23^h	1.04 ± 0.18	1.17 ± 0.14	1.07 ± 0.19	1.12 ± 0.11	1.19 ± 0.23^h	1.23 ± 0.16^h	1.03 ± 0.77^a,fg
Food and energy intake
Dietary intake (g/day)	5.08 ± 0.44	5.24 ± 0.21	5.18 ± 0.32	4.99 ± 0.69	5.29 ± 0.37	5.18 ± 0.30	5.15 ± 0.41	5.24 ± 0.38
Energy intake (kcal/day)	19.59 ± 1.28^e,f,g,h	20.18 ± 1.42^e,f,g,h	19.95 ± 1.87^e,f,g,h	19.20 ± 1.36^e,f,g,h	27.74 ± 2.31^a,b,c,d	27.15 ± 2.24^a,b,c,d	26.99 ± 2.19^a,b,c,d	27.5 ± 2.04^a,b,c,d
Liver parameters
AST (U/L)	152.67 ± 15.02	143.00 ± 15.11	142.67 ± 12.31	145.33 ± 11.44	151.83 ± 16.65	150.33 ± 9.38	152.50 ± 9.07	151.00 ± 14.87
ALT (U/L)	62.50 ± 6.63	64.00 ± 10.41	63.33 ± 7.63	59.33 ± 7.63	70.83 ± 6.69	69.83 ± 7.67	69.33 ± 8.67	64.67 ± 10.48
Hepatic fat g/100 g liver)	4.98 ± 0.88^e,f,g,h	3.81 ± 0.68^e,f,g,h	4.91 ± 1.31^e,f,g,h	3.13 ± 0.57^e,f,g,h	14.59 ± 1.69^a,b,c,d,h	10.12 ± 1.06^a,b,c,d,h	11.26 ± 1.11^a,b,c,d,h	8.49 ± 1.05^{a,b,c,d,e,f,g}
Hepatic TAG (mg/g liver)	33.05 ± 7.19^e,f,g,h	30.38 ± 5.52^e,f,g,h	29.48 ± 3.95^e,f,g,h	27.74 ± 5.09^e,f,g,h	102.47 ± 9.47^a,b,c,d,h	56.70 ± 5.74^a,b,c,d,	77.89 ± 7.21^a,b,c,d,h	49.94 ± 1.45^{a,b,c,d,e,f,g}