Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Research Article

Attenuation of High-Fat Diet-Induced Rat Liver Oxidative Stress and Steatosis by Combined Hydroxytyrosol- (HT-) Eicosapentaenoic Acid Supplementation Mainly Relies on HT

Table 3

Total hepatic fatty acid profile in control mice (CD) and high-fat diet (HFD) animals subjected to EPA, HT, and EPA plus HT. Values are presented as mean % of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) 10 ± 8 mice per experimental group. Significant differences between the groups are indicated by the letter identifying each group (), by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni posttest. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) are 10 : 0, 12 : 0, 14 : 0, 16 : 0, 18 : 0, 20 : 0, 22 : 0, and 24 : 0. Monounsaturated control mice (CD) and high-fat diet (HFD) animals subjected to EPA, HT, and EPA plus HT d fatty acids (MUFA) are 14 : 1, 16 : 1, 18 : 1, 20 : 1 n-9, and 22 : 1 n-9 to 24 : 1. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are 18 : 2 n-6 (linoleic acid (LA)), 18 : 3 n-6, 18 : 3 n-3 (α-linolenic acid (ALA)), 20 : 2 n-6, 20 : 3 n-6, 20 : 3 n-3, 20 : 4 n-6 (arachidonic acid (ARA)), 20 : 5 n-3, 22 : 5 n-3 (docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)), and 22 : 6 n-3. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are 20 : 2 n-6: 20 : 3 n-6: 20 : 4 n-6, 20 : 5 n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)), 22: 5 n-3, and 22 : 6 n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)).


	Fatty acid composition (g per 100 g FAME)
	Control diet (CD)				High-fat diet (HFD)
	Saline	EPA	HT	EPA + HT	Saline	EPA	HT	EPA + HT

Most relevant fatty acids	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)	(g)	(f)	(h)
16 : 00	34.6 ± 3.6^e	33.8 ± 3.5^e	31.2 ± 3.8^e	34.7 ± 3.3^e	47.9 ± 4.1^{a,b,c,d,f,g,h}	38.7 ± 2.9^e	36.9 ± 3.1^e	37.2 ± 3.2^e
18 : 01	25.3 ± 2.5	24.3 ± 2.7	26.5 ± 2.2	23.9 ± 2.6	26.8 ± 2.8	23.5 ± 2.3	24.4 ± 2.9	24.7 ± 2.6
18 : 2, n-6 (AL)	10.4 ± 1.3	9.98 ± 1.2	10.2 ± 1.1	9.75 ± 1.1	10.9 ± 1.3	9.71 ± 1.0	10.5 ± 1.4	10.1 ± 1.2
18 : 3, n-3 (ALA)	1.15 ± 0.1^e	1.14 ± 0.06^e	1.10 ± 0.1^e	1.12 ± 0.05^e	0.81 ± 0.03^{a,b,c,d,f,g,h}	1.09 ± 0.1^e	1.11 ± 0.1^e	1.07 ± 0.2^e
20 : 4, n-6 (AA)	9.93 ± 1.5^e	8.64 ± 1.5^e	10.5 ± 1.7^e	8.98 ± 1.6^e	6.61 ± 0.6^a,b,f,h	7.85 ± 1.1	7.84 ± 1.4	8.56 ± 1.2^e
20 : 5, n-3 (EPA)	1.03 ± 0.1^b,d,e,g,h	3.98 ± 0.5^a,c,e,f,g,h	1.12 ± 0.1^b,d,e,g,h	4.16 ± 0.6^a,c,e,f,g,h	0.34 ± 0.05^{a,b,c,d,f,g,h}	2.14 ± 0.2^a,b,c,d,e,f	0.99 ± 0.1^c,d,e,g,h	2.36 ± 0.2^a,b,c,d,e,f
22 : 6, n-3 (DHA)	3.96 ± 0.3^b,d,e	6.94 ± 0.5^c,d,e	4.12 ± 0.2^b,d,e	7.12 ± 0.7^b,d,e	1.97 ± 0.1^{a,b,c,d,f,g,h}	3.85 ± 0.4^b,d,e	3.16 ± 0.3^c,d,e	4.03 ± 0.4^b,d,e
Total SFA	37.8 ± 3.4^e	38.9 ± 3.9^e	35.4 ± 3.3^e	37.4 ± 3.4^e	51.2 ± 4.9^{a,b,c,d,f,g,h}	38.6 ± 3.5^e	30.4 ± 3.2^e	39.9 ± 3.4^e
Total MUFA	29.5 ± 2.2	27.9 ± 2.8	31.3 ± 2.9	28.8 ± 2.6	27.7 ± 2.5	32.9 ± 3.0	30.5 ± 3.1	30.9 ± 3.1
Total PUFA	32.7 ± 2.9^e	33.2 ± 3.2^e	33.3 ± 3.5^e	33.8 ± 3.5^e	21.1 ± 1.9^{a,b,c,d,f,g,h}	28.5 ± 2.5^e	29.1 ± 2.2^e	29.2 ± 2.5^e
Total LCPUFA	15.6 ± 1.2^b,d,e,f	19.8 ± 1.6^a,c,e,f,g,h	16.2 ± 1.4^b,d,e,f	20.9 ± 2.1^a,c,e,f,g,h	9.13 ± 0.5^{a,b,c,d,f,g,h}	14.4 ± 1.1^b,d,e,f	12.1 ± 0.7^{a,b,c,d,e,g,h}	15.3 ± 1.3^b,d,e,f
Total n-6 LCPUFA	10.4 ± 0.8^b,e,f,g,h	8.80 ± 0.7^a,c,e	10.8 ± 1.0^b,e,f,g,h	9.10 ± 0.9^e,f,	6.71 ± 0.5^a,b,c,d,g,h	8.08 ± 0.6^a,c,e	7.90 ± 0.6^a,c,d,e	8.78 ± 0.7^a,c,e
Total n-3 LCPUFA	5.12 ± 0.2^b,d,e,f,g,h	11.0 ± 0.4^a,c,e,f,g,h	5.33 ± 0.2^b,d,e,f,g,h	11.8 ± 0.4^a,c,e,f,g,h	2.42 ± 0.2^{a,b,c,d,f,g,h}	6.32 ± 0.5^a,b,c,d,e,f	4.20 ± 0.3^{a,b,c,d,e,g,h}	6.52 ± 0.5^a,b,c,d,e,f
n-6/n-3 LCPUFA ratio	2.03 ± 0.3^b,d,g,h	0.80 ± 0.05^a,c,e,f,g,h	2.03 ± 0.2^b,d,g,h	0.77 ± 0.04^a,c,e,f,g,h	2.77 ± 0.3^b,d,g,h	1.28 ± 0.1^a,b,c,d,e,f	1.88 ± 0.2^c,d,f,g,h	1.35 ± 0.1^a,b,c,d,e,f