Particulate Air Pollution, Blood Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number, and Telomere Length in Mothers in the First Trimester of Pregnancy: Effects on Fetal Growth

Figure 3

Effect of PM on FHR and CRL measured at the 11th week of pregnancy. FHR model adjusted for smoking habits (never, past, or current smokers), season, age, categorical BMI (<25 kg/m², BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²), gestational week at examination, TL, and interaction between categorical BMI and TL; CRL model adjusted for smoking habits, season, age, categorical BMI, gestational week at examination, mtDNAcn, and interaction between categorical BMI and mtDNAcn. Each panel reported β coefficients and 95% CI for PM₁₀ (a) and PM_2.5 (b) on fetal heart rate and for PM₁₀ (c) and PM_2.5 (d) on crown-rump length calculated at each week interval. βs are calculated for a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. The asterisk indicates a significant association; the dotted asterisk indicates a statistically significant association with a pFDR ≤ 0.05.