Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Tumor Microenvironment Transformation: The Mechanism of Radioresistant Gastric Cancer

Table 2

CSCs involve in the mechanisms of radioresistance.

Mechanism	Signaling pathways	References
Protection of DNA repair	PARP; ATR-Chk1; ATR-Cnk1, ATM-Chk2; Chk1, Chk2; ATM-ZEB1-Chk1; Myc-Chk1 and Chk2; AKT/cyclin D1/Cdk4; Upregulated DNA repair genes	[35]; [36]; [37]; [38]; [39]; [40]; [41]; [42, 43]
Protection of ROS scavenging	Nrf2 signaling pathway; The Prdx family of antioxidant enzymes	[44–46]; [47, 48]
Protection of TME change	HIF-mediated mechanisms and negative immune responses	[14, 18, 49, 50]