Rutin as a Potent Antioxidant: Implications for Neurodegenerative Disorders

Table 2

Summary of the protective effects of rutin in in vivo models of neurodegeneration.

Toxin used in animal model	Disorder	Key findings	Reference
Doxorubicin- (DOX-) treated neuroblastoma cells (IMR32) and doxorubicin-induced cognitive dysfunction in Wistar rats	AD	↓ apoptosis, ↓ ROS, ↓ episodic memory deficit, ↓ TNF-α, ↑ DOX-induced reduction of catalase, GSH, and SOD	[167]
Microglial cells obtained from the cortex of Wistar newborn rats	AD	↓ TNF, ↓ IL-1b, ↓ IL-6, ↓ iNOS, ↑ IL-10, ↑ arginase, ↓ PTGS2, ↓ IL-18, ↓ TGFβ	[161]
APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice	AD	↑ memory, ↑ SOD, ↑ GSH/GSSG ratio, ↓ GSSG, ↓ MDA, ↓IL-1, ↓IL-6	[164]
High-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) cognitively impaired C57BL/6J mice	AD	↓ cognitive defects	[165]
Scopolamine-treated Wistar rats	AD	↑ recognition, ↑discriminative indices	[168]
Aβ25–35-infused mouse model	AD	↓ impaired cognition, ↑ memory, ↓ NO, ↓ lipid peroxidation	[166]
Beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxic rats	AD	↑ ERK1, ↑ CREB, ↑ BDNF, ↑ memory retrieval, ↓ MDA	[171]
Intracerebroventricular streptozotocin- (ICV-STZ-) infused rats	AD	↓ TBARS, ↓ nitrite level, ↓ poly ADP-ribosyl polymerase, ↑ GSH, ↓ lipid peroxidation, ↓ cognitive deficits, ↓ COX-2, ↓ GFAP, ↓ IL-8, ↓ iNOS, ↓ NF-κB	[172]
Scopolamine-induced zebrafish	AD	↓ amnesia	[173]
Intrastriatal injection of 6-OHDA in rats	PD	↓ 6-OHDA-induced increase in rotations, ↓ deficits in locomotor activity, ↓ motor coordination, ↑ antioxidant levels, ↑ DA, ↑ dopaminergic D2 receptors	[78]
Haloperidol-treated rats	PD	↓ catalepsy, ↓ akinesia, ↑ locomotor activity, ↑ GSH, ↑ SOD, ↓ TBARS	[77]
3-Nitropropionic (3-NP) acid-treated rats	HD	Improved 3-NP-induced behavioral alterations; restored activities of mitochondrial complex enzymes	[199]
3-Nitropropionic (3-NP) acid-treated rats	HD	Restored biochemical, behavioral, and cellular alterations	[200]
3-Nitropropionic (3-NP) acid-treated rats	HD	↑ body weight, ↑ locomotor activities, ↑ memory, ↑ antioxidant levels, ↓ lipid peroxides, ↓ nitrite, ↓ GFAP, ↓ AchE	[201]

Rutin loaded magnetic nanoparticles were used in this experiment; 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine; AchE: acetylcholine esterase; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CAT: catalase; CREB: cAMP response element binding protein; DA: dopamine; doxorubicin: DOX; ERK1: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: reduced glutathione; GSSG: glutathione disulfide; IL-10: interleukin 10; IL-6: interleukin 6; IL-8: interleukin 8; IL-1b: interleukin 1 beta; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; MDA: malondialdehyde; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappaB; NSF: N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor; PTGS2: prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TGFβ: transforming growth factor beta; TH: tyrosine hydroxylase; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.