Oxidant/Antioxidant Imbalance in Alzheimer’s Disease: Therapeutic and Diagnostic Prospects

Figure 1

Escalating signs of the antioxidant/oxidant imbalance detected in whole blood during the AD progression. The figure schematically presents the progressive impairments in the oxidative stress defense mechanisms during the progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) towards severe AD. These correspond to the elevation in the oxidative stress markers. The green-orange-red colour scale corresponds to healthy stage-MCI-AD progression. AD: Alzheimer’s disease; MCI: mild cognitive impairment; ACO2: aconitase 2; GR: glutathione reductase; GSH/GSSG: reduced/oxidized glutathione pool; 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal; NOS-2: nitric oxide synthase 2; 3-NT: 3-nitrotyrosine; 8OHdG: 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine; SOD: superoxide dismutase; UCP-1: uncoupling protein 1.