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| Essential oil and/or majority constituent | Doses | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays | Cell line | General results and proposed mechanism of action | Reference |
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| Essential oils of the aerial part of Eucalyptus bridgesiana, Cymbopogon martinii, Thymus vulgaris, Lindernia anagallis, and Pelargonium fragrans | 0.01 μg/mL | β-Carotene linoleic acid bleaching test, DPPH radical, and nitric oxide scavenging assay
5-LOX inhibition assay
Measurement of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α | THP-1 (human mylomonocytic cell) | Strong antioxidant activity in the tests performed; inhibition of 5-LOX activity and reduction of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion in THP-1 cells | Tsai et al. 2011 [24] |
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| Essential oils of the aerial parts of Oenanthe crocata L., β-ocimene, or sabinene | EO: 0.08, 0.16, and 0.32 μL/mL
β-Ocimene and sabinene: 0.32–1.25 μL/mL | Measurement of NO, Western blot analysis for iNOS, and nitric oxide scavenging activity | RAW 264.7 macrophages | Strong NO scavenging activity and inhibition of iNOS expression
Sabinene exhibited NO scavenging activity only at higher concentrations | Valente et al. 2013 [28] |
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| Essential oils from leaves and stems of Liquidambar Styraciflua | 1, 10, 100 and 500 μg/mL | 5-LOX and PGE2 inhibition
DPPH radical and superoxide scavenging activity | HepG-2 cells | Reduction of DPPH, (OH•), and (O2•) radicals
Inhibition of 5-LOX and PGE2 | El-Readi et al. 2013 [27] |
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| Essential oil of Patrinia scabiosaefolia | 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 μg/mL | Measurement of IL-1 and IL-6
DPPH radical scavenging assay | BV-2 cell (microglia) | Inhibition of the production of IL-1 and IL-6; scavenging activity against the DPPH radical | Jing et al. 2014 [29] |
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| Essential oil from leaf and branches of Ocotea quixos, wood, and branches and leaves of Callitris intratropica and Copaifera reticulata/langsdorffii gum-resin | 5, 10, an 20 μg/mL | β-Carotene linoleic acid bleaching test and DPPH radical scavenging assay
Measurement of NO production
Western blotting analyses for the iNOS and COX-2 and measurement of IL-8, IL-6, and IL-1β | RAW 264.7 macrophages | The EO of O. quixos and C. reticulata did not possess an antioxidant activity, while Blue Cypress possessed a moderate antioxidant activity
Only Ocotea suppress the LPS-induced PGE2 production, LPS-mediated iNOS, and COX-2 elevation
Suppression of LPS-stimulated IL-8 and IL-1β production in the cells | Destryana et al. 2014 [30] |
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| Essential oils of Achillea millefolium L., Anethum graveolens L., and Carum copticum L. | | DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assay
β-Carotene bleaching test
Determination of NO production. | RAW 264.7 macrophages | A. millefolium had the highest antioxidant activity in all conducted assays and inhibited nitric oxide production | Kazemi 2015, Iran [37] |
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| Essential oil of calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. | 25, 50, 100, 200, and 300 μg/mL | Determination of NO production
Measurement of cytokines Production (IL-1 and IL-6)
RT-PCR assay of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2 mRNA
Western blot analyses for the p-JNK, p-ERK1/2, NF-κB, and GAPDH | RAW 264.7 macrophages | Inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways and MAPK (JNK and ERK1/2), reduction of NO production and IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS | Shen et al. 2016 [41] |
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| Essential oil of Chamaecyparis obtusa | In vitro: 1, 10, 50 and 100 μg/mL
In vivo: 5 and 10 mg/kg | In vitro: measurement of NO, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 by levels; Western blot analyses for expression of iNOS and COX-2
In vivo: carrageenan-induced paw edema and thioglycollate-induced peritonitis | RAW 264.7 macrophages | Decreasing in the number of total cells and suppression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in peritoneal fluid
Suppression of iNOS and COX-2 expression | Park et al. 2016 [42] |
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| Essential oils from roots of Rhaponticum carthamoides | 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL | Measurement of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and GM-CSF and RT-PCR.
ROS formation assay using H2DCF-DA. | Human astrocytes | Decreasing the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and the ROS level | Skala et al. 2016 [43] |
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| Essential oil from blossoms of Citrus aurantium | 15.625, 31.25, 62.5, 125, and 250 μg/mL | DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity
Determination of morphology and NO production.
Quantification of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β
Reverse transcription and PCR-RT for iNOS | RAW 264.7 macrophages | Did not show scavenging effects on DPPH and ABTS radicals
Inhibition of NO accumulation and suppression of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β secretion
Inhibition of the expression of COX-2 and NF-κB activation
Involvement of the inflammation process through MAPK signaling pathways, by inhibiting phosphorylation of JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and p38 | Shen et al. 2017 [48] |
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| l-Carveol, l-carvone, m-cymene, valencene, and guaiene | 1, 10, and 100 μM | Protective effect against oxidative damage produced by superoxide anion production (O2·−) and hydrogen peroxide
Determination of NO production
Quantification of IL-1α, TNF-α, and IL-10
Activity of NF-κB | RAW 264.7 macrophages | Reduction in TNF-α and IL-1α levels and increasing in the production of IL-10
Guaiene and m-cymene inhibited NO production
l-Carveol and m-cymene significantly inhibited O2·− production
Terpenes suppressed NF-κB activity | Marques et al. 2018 [52] |
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