Hydrogen Sulfide Donor NaHS Improves Metabolism and Reduces Muscle Atrophy in Type 2 Diabetes: Implication for Understanding Sarcopenic Pathophysiology

Figure 2

Diabetes alters key signaling molecules involved in skeletal muscle mass regulation. (a) Representative immunoblots and quantifications of phosphorylated Akt, S6, and 4E-BP1 protein levels in muscles of control and GK diabetic rats. (b) Total phosphorylated levels of FoxO1 and its nuclear localization relative to GAPDH and histone, respectively, were analyzed by Western blot. (c) Expression of MuRF1 and Atrogin 1 mRNAs relative to GAPDH was examined by real-time PCR. (d) Expression of miRNA 486 relative to U6 was determined using real-time PCR (e) PTEN protein level (e) and activity (f) were measured as described in Materials and Methods. (f) Key regulators of myogenesis including IGF-1 and PAX7 (g) were assessed in muscle using real-time RT-PCR-based technique. Abbreviation: C: control; D: diabetic. Values are for at least 6 animals/group. Significantly different from corresponding control values at .

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