Oxidative Stress in the Muscles of the Fish Nile Tilapia Caused by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Modulation by Vitamins C and E

Figure 5

Level of malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione in the (C) control group and those (T1) exposed to 1 mg/L of zinc oxide nanoparticles, (T2) exposed to 1 mg/L of zinc oxide nanoparticles, (T1+V) exposed to 1 mg/L of zinc oxide nanoparticles with a mixture of both vitamin C and E, and (T2+V) exposed to 2 mg/L of zinc oxide nanoparticles with a mixture of both vitamin C and E. Values are expressed as mean ± SD (). Significant levels () observed are as follows: a = in comparison to control group, b = when 2 mg ZnONP groups versus 1 mg ZnONP groups are compared, and c = when ZnONPs + vitamin groups versus their respective ZnONP groups are compared. When 15-day-treated groups are compared with their respective 7-day-treated groups.