|
| Source | Toxic/harmful factor | Harmful effects of an applied factor | The dose and the way of application of royal jelly or its ingredients | Effects of royal jelly or its ingredient coadministration |
|
| Neuroprotective effect of royal jelly |
| Mohamed et al. [118] | Tartrazine-induced neurotoxicity in rats (500 mg/kg p.o., 30 days) | ↑ MDA; ↓ SOD, CAT, and GSH in brain tissue | RJ: 300 mg/kg p.o., 30 days | ↓ MDA; ↑ SOD, CAT, and GSH in brain tissue |
| Aslan et al. [119] | Neuronal damage after experimental spinal cord injury (laminectomy) in rabbits | ↓ Nitrate and nitrite in serum
↓ SOD and GPx; ↑ CAT in erythrocytes
↑ MDA, nitrite, and nitrate,
↓ GSH in cerebrospinal fluid
↑ MDA and GSH in brain tissue | RJ: 100 mg/kg b.w. p.o. after trauma | ↓ MDA, ↑GSH in whole blood
↑ Nitrate, Vit. C, retinol, and β-carotene in serum
↑ SOD, CAT, and GPx in erythrocytes
↓ MDA and nitrite; ↑ GSH in cerebrospinal fluid
↓ MDA; and ↑ GSH in brain tissue |
| Teixeira et al. [120] | Resistant and cold stress condition | ↑ TBARS brain, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus
↓ GPx, GR, G6PDH, and GSH in the brain and striatum | RJ: 200 mg/kg by gavage, 14 days | ↓ TBARS level in the brain, cerebellum, striatum, and hippocampus
↑ GPx, GR, G6PDH, and GSH concentration in cerebral cortex and striatum |
| Inoue et al. [131] | 6-Hydroxydopamine- (6OHDA-) induced cell death; human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells | ↑ ROS generation | RJ fatty acid derivative—HPO-DAEE: 50 μM | ↑ Expression of HO-1 mRNA
↑ Cell viability
↓ ROS generation |
| Mitigation effect of royal jelly on chemotherapeutic agents |
| Silici et al. [100] | Cisplatin-induced spermiotoxicity in rats (7 mg/kg b.w. i.p. in single dose) | ↑ MDA
↓ SOD, CAT, and GPx in testis tissues | RJ pretreatment and posttreatment: 50 or 100 mg/kg b.w. p.o. once a day, for 10 days | ↓ MDA
↑ SOD, CAT, and GPx in testis tissues |
| Silici et al. [121] | Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats (7 mg/kg i.p. in single dose) | ↑ MDA
↓ SOD, CAT, and GPx in renal tissues | RJ pretreatment and posttreatment: 50 or 100 mg/kg b.w. p.o. once a day, for 10 days | ↓ MDA
↑ SOD, CAT, and GPx in renal tissues |
| Amirshahi et al. [125] | Bleomycin-induced spermiotoxicity in rats (10 mg/kg b.w., 48 days, twice a week, i.p.) | ↑ MDA in testicular tissue | RJ: 100 mg/kg b.w., p.o., 48 days | ↓ MDA in testicular tissue |
| Kaynar et al. [126] | Methotrexate-induced oxidative stress in rats (20 mg/kg b.w. i.p., single dose) | ↑ MDA and ↓ SOD and GPx in plasma | RJ: 50 or 100 mg/kg b.w., p.o, 10 days | ↓ MDA and ↑ SOD∗∗ and GPx∗∗ in plasma |
| Malekinejad et al. [127] | Paclitrexal-induced cardiotoxicity in rats (7.5 mg/kg b.w. i.p., weekly, 7 weeks) | ↓ TAC in serum
↑ MDA and NO in heart tissue | RJ: 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg b.w., p.o., 28 days | ↑ TAC∗∗ in serum
↓ MDA∗∗ and NO in heart tissue |
| Delkhoshe-Kasmaie et al. [128] | Taxol-induced damage of the testis (7.5 mg/kg b.w. i.p., weekly, 4 weeks) | ↑ MDA and NO and ↓ TTM in testis tissue | RJ: 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg b.w., 4 weeks | ↓ MDA and NO∗∗ and ↑ TTM∗∗ in testis tissue |
| Mitigation effect of royal jelly on other toxic agents |
| Kanbur et al. [111]. | Sodium fluoride-induced oxidative stress in mice (200 ppm fluoride p.o., 7 days) | ↑ MDA in erythrocytes and liver tissue
↓ SOD, CAT, and GPx in erythrocytes
↑ GPx, ↓ CAT, and SOD in the liver tissue | RJ: 50 mg/kg b.w. by gavage for 7 days | ↓ MDA in erythrocytes and liver tissue
↑ SOD and CAT in erythrocytes and liver tissue
↓ GPx in erythrocytes |
| Cemek et al. [123] | Carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage in rats (0.8 mL/kg b.w. s.c., 20 days) | ↑ MDA in the whole blood, liver, brain, kidney, lung, and heart tissues
↓ GSH in the whole blood
↓ Vit. C, β-carotene, and retinol in serum | RJ: 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg b.w., p.o., 20 days | ↓ MDA in the whole blood, liver∗∗, brain∗∗, kidney, lung, and heart tissues
↓ GSH in the whole blood∗∗
↑ GSH in the liver and brain tissues∗∗
↑ Vit. C, β-carotene, and retinol in serum |
| Ahmed et al. [124] | Azathioprine-induced toxicity in rats (50 mg/kg b.w. i.p., single dose) | ↑ MDA and GSH in the liver tissue | RJ: 200 mg/kg p.o., 7 days | ↓ MDA and ↑ GSH in the liver tissue after 24 h and 2 weeks of posttreatment |
| Ghanbari et al. [116] | Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (60 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) | ↑ MDA, ↓ CAT, and FRAP in the liver and pancreas | RJ: 200 mg/kg b.w., p.o.,
6 weeks | ↓ MDA in the liver and pancreas
↑ CAT and FRAP in the liver and pancreas |
| Ghanbari et al. [117] | Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (50 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) | ↓ CAT and FRAP in testicular tissue | RJ: 200 mg/kg b.w., p.o.,
6 weeks | ↑ CAT and FRAP in the testicular tissue |
| Sugiyama et al. [134] | LPS- and interferon-β-induced NO generation; RAW264 murine macrophage cell line | ↑ Nitrate
↑ iNOS promoter activity
↑ NF-κB activation and TNF-α production | RJ fatty acid (1 mM, 2 mM, 4 mM 10H2DA) | ↓ Nitrate
↓ iNOS promoter activity
↓ NF-κB activation and TNF-α production |
| Takahashi et al. [135] | Interferon-γ-induced NO production; RAW264 murine macrophage cell | ↑ Nitrate
↑ iNOS promoter activation
↑ NF-κB activation and TNF-α production | RJ fatty acid (1 mM, 2 mM, 5 mM 10H2DA) | ↓ Nitrate
↓ iNOS promoter activation and NF-κB activation∗∗ and TNF-α production |
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