The Essential Element Manganese, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Diseases: Links and Interactions

Table 2

The epidemiologic studies of Mn level in T2DM, obesity, and atherosclerosis.

Reference	Country	Disease	Study design	Sample size	Sample type	Results of Mn level in cases
[3]	Korean	T2DM	Cross-sectional study	3996	Whole blood	Decreased
[54]	Mexico	T2DM	Cross-sectional study	76	Serum	Increased
					Urine	No different
[55]	Turkey	T2DM	Hospital-based case-control study	Cases: 200; Controls: 50	Serum	Increased
[56]	Pakistan	T2DM	Cross-sectional study	Diabetes: 257; Healthy: 166	Whole blood	Decreased
					Urine	Increased
					Scalp hair	Decreased
[57]	Egypt	T2DM	Hospital-based case-control study	Cases: 40; Controls: 36	Serum	Decreased
[58]	Italy	T2DM	Case-control study	Cases: 68; Controls: 59	Whole blood	Decreased
[59]	Pakistan	T2DM	Hospital-based case-control study	Cases with their infants: 76; Healthy with their infants: 68	Whole blood	Decreased
					Urine	Increased
					Scalp hair	Decreased
[60]	Czech Republic	T2DM	Cross-sectional study	1069 (aged 61–100 years)	Whole blood	No different
[61]	China	T2DM	Case-control study	Cases: 1614; Controls: 1614	Plasma	U-shaped association
[62]	China	T2DM	Cross-sectional study	1493 (coke oven workers)	Urine	Increased association with hyperglycemia risk but not with diabetes risk
[64]	Pakistan, Ireland	T2DM	Case-control study	Cases: 145; Controls: 177	Scalp hair	Decreased
[65]	Austria	T2DM	Hospital-based case-control study	Cases: 53; Controls: 50	Lymphocyte	Decreased
[66]	Italy	T2DM	Case-control study	Cases: 47; Controls: 50	Tear	Increased
[5]	Poland	Obesity	Cross-sectional study	313 (men aged 50–75 years)	Serum	Increased
[83]	Spain	Obesity	Cross-sectional study	340	Plasma	Increased association with the consumption of dairy products
[30]	China	Obesity	Cross-sectional study	2111	None	Higher Mn intake (e.g., >5.12 mg/d) was associated with a reduced risk of abdominal obesity and hypertriacylglycerolaemia among men.
[84]	Turkey	Obesity	Hospital-based case-control study	Cases: 57; Controls: 48; (children aged 6–17 years)	Serum	Increased
[85]	Turkey	Obesity	Prospective observational study	Cases: 34; Controls: 33; (children)	Serum	No different
[86]	USA	Obesity	Cross-sectional study	5404 (children and adolescents aged 6–19 years)	Serum	Increased
[60]	Czech Republic	Atherosclerosis	Cross-sectional study	1069 (aged 61–100 years)	Whole blood	Increased
[102]	Pakistan	Atherosclerosis	Case-control study	Cases: 90; Controls: 90 (aged 30–62 years)	Blood	Increased