|
| Study model/specimen/TQ pressure | IPC protocol/TQ ischemia time/sample size/age | Main findings (compared to control) | Interpretation | References |
| Intervention | Control | Clinical outcome | Mechanism |
|
| RCT/antecubital venous blood, quadriceps muscle biopsy, SBP + 100 mmHg | 3 cycles of 5 min ischemia and 5 min reperfusion at operated thigh, 68–87 min, | no IPC, 68–87 min, | N/A | ↑ gene expression
(i) immediate early response genes
(ii) oxidative stress defense genes
(iii) mitochondrial genes
(iv) prosurvival genes
↓ gene expression
(i) proapoptotic genes
↔ serum IL-6, CRP, ESR, and WBC count | IPC induced a protective genomic response
IPC did not prevent systemic inflammatory response | [37] |
| Case-control study/quadriceps muscle biopsy | N/A, | No IPC, | N/A | Altered expression of genes involved in neurological system process and regulation of neuron apoptosis | IPC induced a protective genomic response | [38] |
| RCT/venous blood, urine/250 mmHg | 1 cycle of 5 min ischemia and 5 min reperfusion at operated thigh, 58 ± 11 min, , 67 ± 11 yr | no IPC, 52 ± 11 min, , 67 ± 10 yr | ↓ median pain scores within 48 h after surgery
↔ postoperative analgesic consumption
↓ length of hospital stay | ↔ serum IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, and WBC count
↔ urine desmosine/Cr ratio | IPC did not prevent systemic inflammatory response or the level of lung injury
IPC may improve postoperative pain control | [33] |
| RCT/venous blood, blood from surgical drain/250 mmHg | 1 cycle of 5 min ischemia and 5 min reperfusion at operated thigh, 48 min (IQR 13), , 67 yr (IQR 10.8) | no IPC, 54 min (IQR 18), , 72.5 yr (IQR 13) | ↓ pain scores within 48 h after surgery
↔ postoperative analgesic consumption
↔ physical therapy parameters
↔ length of hospital stay | ↔ intraarticular IL-6, TNF-α
↔ systemic prothrombotic levels | IPC may improve postoperative pain control
Hypercoagulative state occurred after TKA surgery using TQ application | [39] |
| RCT/arterial blood, venous blood/double SBP mmHg | 3 cycles of 5 min ischemia at nonoperated thigh, , 69 ± 7 yr | No IPC, , 71 ± 7 yr | Brain:
↑ rScO2
↔ POCD at 1 week
Lungs:
↑ PF ratio | ↓ serum LDH
↔ serum CPK and AST
↔ serum IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and TNF-β | Remote IPC improved regional cerebral and pulmonary oxygenation possibly via a decrease in tissue damage | [32] |
| Cross-sectional study/venous blood/double SBP mmHg | Approx. 60 min ischemia at previously operated thigh, 62 ± 19 min, , 67 ± 5 yr | First-operated knee, 63 ± 14 min, , 67 ± 5 yr | N/A | Tend to ↓ whole blood ROS production
↔ plasma PCOOH | Remote IPC may occur during bilateral TKA with sequential application of TQ | [42] |
| Cross-sectional study/venous blood | Approx. 90 min ischemia at previously operated thigh, 89 ± 9 min, , 70 ± 4 yr | First-operated knee, 91 ± 11 min, , 70 ± 4 yr | N/A | Tend to ↓ serum MDA | Remote IPC may occur during bilateral TKA with sequential application of TQ | [31] |
| Cross-sectional study/venous blood (dorsum of each foot)/double SBP mmHg | Approx. 60 min ischemia at previously operated thigh with 20 min reperfusion, 62 ± 19 min, , 64 ± 5 yr | First-operated knee (right), 61 ± 5 min, , 64 ± 5 yr | Muscle:
↔ WOMAC scores (assessment of joint pain, stiffness, and function) at 1 month | ↔ serum MDA
↔ serum LDH | Sequential ischemic surgical procedure did not reduce oxidative injury after reperfusion | [43] |
|
