Honey as a Potential Natural Antioxidant Medicine: An Insight into Its Molecular Mechanisms of Action

Figure 7

Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects of honey. MMP-9 = matrix metallopeptidase 9; IL = interleukin; COX-2 = cyclooxygenase 2; LOXs = lipoxygenases; TNF-α = tumour necrosis factor alpha; PGE2 = prostaglandin E2; NO = nitric oxide; iNOS = inducible nitric oxide synthase; NF-κB = nuclear factor kappa B; IκBα = inhibitor of kappa B; PDGF = platelet-derived growth factor; TGF-β = transforming growth factor-β.