Hydroxytyrosol Ameliorates Endothelial Function under Inflammatory Conditions by Preventing Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Figure 3

HT effects on PMA-induced mitochondrial superoxide production in cell migration and in inflammatory angiogenesis. HUVEC were pretreated with HT (10 μmol/L) and rotenone or antimycin A (1 μmol/L) for 1 h; afterwards, a scratch wound was performed and monolayers were stimulated by 10 nmol/L PMA for 16 h. Cell migration was quantified and monitored under phase-contrast microscopy (a, b). HUVEC were plated onto a 3-dimensional collagen gel (Matrigel) surface, pretreated with HT (10 μmol/L) and rotenone or antimycin A (1 μmol/L) for 1 h, and then stimulated with 10 nmol/L PMA for 16 h. Tube formation was monitored under phase-contrast microscopy, photographed, and analysed (c, d). Images are representative of cell migration (b), and capillary-like tube formation is reported as branch points per field (d) in PMA-stimulated endothelial cells (×100 magnification). Data are representative of three independent experiments, expressed as means ± SD, and presented as percentage of PMA-stimulated endothelial cells. Each experiment consisted of four replicates for each condition. versus CTR; versus PMA alone.

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