Relationship of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Oral Cancer
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of the subjects according to areca nut use.
Current chewers
()
Former chewers
()
Never chewers
()
values
Males (, %)
37 (97%)
137 (97%)
15 (71%)
<0.01
Age (y)
50 ± 9 (51.0)1,a
55 ± 10 (56.0)b
54 ± 12 (55.0)a,b
0.03
SBP (mmHg)
132 ± 16 (132.0)
137 ± 20 (135.0)
131 ± 16 (127.0)
0.24
DBP (mmHg)
85 ± 12 (83.5)
88 ± 15 (86.0)
85 ± 9 (84.0)
0.55
Waist (cm)
91 ± 10 (89.0)
92 ± 11 (93.0)
96 ± 10 (96.0)
0.13
BMI (kg/m2)
25 ± 4 (24.4)
26 ± 7 (25.8)
25 ± 5 (24.3)
0.75
MS (, %)
24 (63%)
90 (64%)
11 (52%)
0.60
Abdominal obesity2 (, %)
17 (45%)
86 (61%)
12 (57%)
0.08
High blood pressure3 (, %)
25 (66%)
113 (80%)
14 (67%)
0.04
Hyperglycemia4 (, %)
27 (71%)
96 (68%)
9 (43%)
0.26
Hypertriglyceridemia5 (, %)
18 (47%)
69 (49%)
11 (52%)
0.83
Low HDL-C6 (, %)
21 (55%)
62 (44%)
11 (52%)
0.22
Smoker7
<0.01
Current (, %)
25 (66%)
56 (40%)
7 (33%)
Ever (, %)
11 (29%)
66 (47%)
6 (29%)
Never (, %)
2 (5%)
19 (13%)
8 (38%)
Alcohol use8
<0.01
Current (, %)
16 (42%)
55 (39%)
4 (19%)
Ever (, %)
12 (32%)
48 (34%)
2 (10%)
Never (, %)
10 (26%)
38 (27%)
15 (71%)
Exercise9 (, %)
8 (21%)
59 (42%)
8 (38%)
0.06
Cancer recurrence (, %)
1 (3%)
57 (40%)
2 (10%)
<0.01
TNM stages10 (, %)
0.90
Stage 0
0
2 (1.4%)
0
Stage I
8 (21.1%)
29 (20.6%)
6 (28.6%)
Stage II
10 (26.3%)
48 (34.0%)
4 (19.0%)
Stage III
7 (18.4%)
18 (12.8%)
5 (23.8%)
Stage IVA
12 (31.6%)
34 (24.1%)
6 (28.6%)
Stage IVB
1 (2.6%)
3 (2.1%)
0
Stage IVC
0
1 (0.7%)
0
Disease history
Hypertension (, %)
5 (13%)
38 (27%)
2 (10%)
0.06
Diabetes (, %)
5 (13%)
25 (18%)
2 (10%)
0.55
Family history
Oral cancer (, %)
1 (3%)
5 (4%)
0
0.67
Hypertension (, %)
9 (24%)
39 (28%)
8 (38%)
0.49
Diabetes (, %)
4 (11%)
28 (20%)
3 (14%)
0.37
1Mean ± SD (median). 2Waist circumferences: ≥90 cm (males) and ≥80 cm (females). 3SBP ≥ 130 mmHg or DBP ≥ 85 mmHg, or taking antihypertensive drugs. 4Fasting glucose ≥ 5.6 mM or taking hypoglycemic drugs. 5TG ≥ 1.7 mM or taking antihyperlipidemia drugs. 6HDL-C: <1.0 mM (males) and <1.3 mM (females). 7Smoker: individuals regularly smoking one or 1 more cigarette per day. 8Alcohol use: individuals regularly consuming one or 1 more drink per day. 9Exercise: individuals exercise regularly at least 3 times per week. 10Six subjects who had formerly chewed areca nut had no TNM data. BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TNM, tumor-node-metastasis. a,bValues with different superscripts were significantly different among the three groups.
