Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Extract and Gallic Acid Attenuate LPS-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress via MAPK/NF-κB and Akt/AMPK/Nrf2 Pathways

Figure 3

Effects of TBE, GA, and EA on inflammatory mediator expression in LPS- and palmitic acid-stimulated macrophages. (a) RAW 264 cells were pretreated with 400 μg/mL TBE, 46 μg/mL GA, or 1.6 μg/mL EA for 1 h, followed by treatment with 100 ng/mL LPS for 4 h. The mRNA levels of Tnf, Il1b, Il6, Ccl2, Nos2, and Msr1 were detected by real-time RT-PCR. (b) RAW 264 cells were pretreated with 400 μg/mL TBE or 46 μg/mL GA for 1 h, followed by treatment with 400 μM palmitic acid for 12 h. The mRNA levels of Il1b and Ccl2 were detected by real-time RT-PCR. Data represent mean ± SD, (, , compared to LPS or palmitic acid group).

(a)

(b)