Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Curcumin-Mediated Therapeutic Effects in Type 2 Diabetes and Cancer

Table 2

Overview of anticancer action of CUR in selected cellular models.

CUR	Human cell line/animal model	Dose/duration	Cellular target/pathway	Effect	References
CUR	Melanoma cell lines A375, MV3, and M14	30 μM for 24 h	↑ Bax, caspases 8 and 9; ↓ Mcl1, Bcl2	--| cell proliferation; ➔ apoptosis	[53]
	Nonsmall cell lung cancer cell line A549	40 μM for 24 h	↑ Bax, cytochrome c release; ↓ Bcl2, the mitochondrial membrane potential	--| cell proliferation; ➔ apoptosis	[54]
	Nonsmall cell lung cancer cell lines H460 and A427	40 μM for 24 h	➔ p53-miR192-5p/215-XIAP pathway	--| cell proliferation; ➔ apoptosis	[55]
	Liver cancer cell line MHCC97H	60 μM for 24 h	↑ ROS; ➔ TLR4/MyD88/caspase 8/caspase 3 pathway	--| cell proliferation; ➔ apoptosis	[60]
	Gastric cancer cell line BGC823	40 μM for 24 h	↑ ROS; ➔ ASK1/MKK4/JNK pathway	--| cell proliferation; ➔ apoptosis	[61]
	Osteosarcoma cell line MG63	80 μM for 24 h	↑ ROS; ➔ cytochrome c/caspase 3 pathway	--| cell proliferation; ➔ apoptosis	[62]
	Primary cells of giant cell tumor	40 μM for 24 h	--| NF-κB pathway; ➔ JNK pathway; ↑ caspases 3; ↓ MMP9	--| cell proliferation; ➔ apoptosis	[64]
	Monoblastic leukemia cell line THP1	50 μM for 24 h	--| Akt/mTOR and Raf/MEK/ERK pathways	--| cell proliferation; ➔ apoptosis	[65]
	Tongue cancer cell lines CAL27, HN21B, and HN96	100 μM for 48 h	↓ MMP10	↓ cancer cells migration and invasion	[67]
	Breast cancer cell line MCF7	1–50 μM for 24 h	↓ MMP9; --| PKCα, MAPK, and NF-κB/AP1 pathway	↓ cancer cells migration and invasion	[68]
	Breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231	10 μM for 24–72 h	↓ MMP9; --| TGFβ/Smad and TGFβ/ERK pathways	↓ cancer cells migration and invasion	[69]
	Endometrial carcinoma cell line HEC1B	100 μM for 24–72 h	↓ MMPs 2 and 9; --| ERK pathway	↓ cancer cells migration and invasion	[70]
	Colorectal carcinoma T-84 cells	50 μM for 4 h	➔ PTPN1/cortactin axis	↓ cancer cells migration and invasion	[71]
CUR-PLGA	Prostate cancer cell lines C4-2, PC3, and DU145	30 μM of CUR or equivalent CUR-PLGA for 48 h	↓ Mcl1, Bcl-xL, β-catenin, nuclear AR, STAT3, Akt, miR21; ↑ PARP cleavage, miR205	--| cell proliferation and; ➔ apoptosis more efficient than native CUR	[83]

➔ induction; --| inhibition; ↑ increase; ↓ decrease. AP1: activator protein 1; AR: androgen receptor; ASK1: apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1; Bax: Bcl2-associated X protein; Bcl2: B-cell lymphoma 2; Bcl-xL: B-cell lymphoma-extra large; ERK 1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; Mcl1: myeloid cell leukemia 1; MKK4: MAPK kinase 4; MyD88: myeloid differentiation primary response protein; NF-κB: nuclear factor κB; PARP: polyadenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribose polymerase; PLGA: poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid); PTPN1: nonreceptor type 1 protein-tyrosine phosphatase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TGFβ: transforming growth factor β; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; XIAP: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis.