Peptides from Cauliflower By-Products, Obtained by an Efficient, Ecosustainable, and Semi-Industrial Method, Exert Protective Effects on Endothelial Function

Figure 4

HUVECs were pretreated with peptide fractions (1 mg/ml) for 8 h before 24 h of exposure to TNF-α (50 ng/ml). (a) Cell viability was spectrophotometrically detected through formazan production in the presence of dehydrogenases in cells. Total RNA was extracted and qRT-PCR analysis was performed to determine (b) VCAM-1 gene expression, (c) p65 gene expression, and (d) p50 gene expression. Relative changes in mRNA expression levels were calculated according to the 2^−ΔΔCt method using RPL13A as reference gene. Results are expressed as of three independent experiments. and significantly different from the control; , , and significantly different from the vehicle (V, DMSO).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)