Approaches and Methods to Measure Oxidative Stress in Clinical Samples: Research Applications in the Cancer Field
Table 1
Oxidative damage to DNA, lipids, and proteins in clinical samples of cancer patients.
Type of cancer
Oxidative damage
DNA
Lipid
Protein
Bladder cancer
Urinary 8-OHdG (ELISA): 8.12 ng/g creatinine compared to 4.13 ng/g in controls () [213] Serum 8-OHdG (ELISA): 0.24 ng/mL Urinary 8-OHdG (ELISA): 12.2 ng/mL [102] Urinary 8-OHdG (ELISA): creatinine compared to in controls () [100]
Urinary MDA (TBARS): 9.54 μmol/g creatinine compared to 6.76 μmol/g in controls () [213] Serum MDA (Yoshioka’s TBARS): compared to in controls () [183] Tissue MDA (TBARS): protein compared to in controls (ns) [214]
Plasma PC content (DNPH): 0.5 mg/mg protein compared to 0.38 mg/mg in controls () [Figure 3(b)] [215]
Breast cancer
Tissue 8-OHdG (HPLC): per 105 dG compared to in corresponding noncancerous tissues () [216] Tissue 8-OHdG (HPLC): per 105dG compared to in controls () Tissue 8-OHdG (IHC): signal intensity compared to in controls () Tissue hOGG1 (IHC): signal intensity compared to in controls () [108]
Serum MDA (TBARS): 6 μmol/L compared to 2 μmol/L in controls () [Figure 1(a)] [217] Plasma MDA (Yagi’s TBARS): compared to in controls () Erythrocyte MDA (Donnan’s TBARS): compared to in controls () [218] Tissue MDA (Ohkawa’s TBARS): protein compared to in adjacent normal tissues () Tissue LOOH (FOX method): tissue compared to in adjacent normal tissues () Tissue CD (Suryanarayana Rao and Recknagel): tissue compared to in adjacent normal tissues () [219] Blood (TBARS): 26.14 nmol/mL compared to 15.83 nmol/mL in controls () [220]
Tissue PC content (ELISA): 3.5 nmol/mg protein lysate compared to 2.3 nmol/mg in adjacent normal tissues () [Figure 1(a)] [221]
Cervical cancer
Cellular 8-OHdG (IHC): (low grade) and signal intensity (high grade) compared to in controls ( and ) [222] Urinary 8-OHdG (ELISA): creatinine compared to in controls (ns) [223]
Plasma MDA (Yagi’s TBARS): 6.5 nmol/mg Hg compared to 3.5 nmol/mg in controls () [Figure 1] Plasma CD (Suryanarayana Rao and Recknagel): 1.75 μmol/mg Hg compared to 0.75 μmol/mg in controls () [Figure 1] [224] Plasma MDA (Ohkawa’s TBARS): 6.2 nmol/mg Hb compared to 3.1 nmol/mg in controls () [Figure 2] Erythrocyte MDA (Donnan’s TBARS): 5.1 nmol/mg Hg compared to 3 nmol/mg in controls () [Figure 5] [119] Plasma MDA (HPLC): compared to in controls () [223] Plasma LOOH (FOX method): compared to in controls () [225]
Plasma PC content (Levine’s DNPH): compared to in controls () [225]
Colorectal cancer
Tissue 8-OHdG (IHC): staining intensity compared to in corresponding normal epithelial cells () Tissue 8-OHdG (HPLC): per 105 dG compared to in corresponding surrounding tissues () [94] Tissue 8-OHdG (HPLC): 49 [range: 23-114] per 106 dG compared to 21 [range: 9-39] per 106 dG in corresponding normal mucosa () [96] Tissue 8-OHdG (HPLC): per 105dG compared to per 105dG in nontumorous counterparts () Tissue 8-OHdG lyase activity (Yamamoto): compared to in nontumorous counterparts () Tissue hOGG1 transcripts (quantitative RT-PCR): × 105 copies/μg RNA compared to × 105 copies/μg in nontumorous counterparts () [95] Tissue 8-OHdG (HPLC): per 105 dG compared to per 105 dG in normal mucosa () Tissue hOGG (HPLC): of OHdG released from DNA/1 h compared to in normal mucosa () [109] Blood 8-OHdG (HPLC): per 106dG compared to per 106dG in controls () [174]
Serum oxidized-LDL (ELISA): 39.2 U/L compared to 36.2 U/L in controls () [226] Tissue MDA (HPLC): 1.7 ± 0.39 (stage II), (stage III), and tissue (stage IV) compared to in normal colon mucosa () Tissue 4-HNE (HPLC): (stage II), (stage III), and tissue (stage IV) compared to in normal colon mucosa () [83] Tissue MDA (Ohkawa’s TBARS): protein compared to in normal mucosa () [109] Tissue MDA (Beuge and Aust’s TBARS): tissue compared to in normal samples () [227]
Plasma PC content (ELISA): plasma compared to plasma in controls () [228]
Lung cancer
Tissue TG (IHC): and percent positive rate in nonlesion sites of never smokers and current smokers, respectively [44]
Plasma MDA (TBARS): compared to in smoker controls and in nonsmoker controls (ns) [120] Serum MDA (Ohkawa’s TBARS): compared to s 1.4 ± 0.8 in healthy smoker controls () [229]
Plasma PC content (Levine’s DNPH): protein compared to in smoker controls and in nonsmoker controls () [120]
Liver cancer
Tissue 8-OHdG (IHC): 8.605 staining intensity compared to 4.845 in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis controls () [105] Tissue 8-OHdG (HPLC): 52 fmol/μg DNA compared to 129 fmol/μg in adjacent normal tissues () [230]
Plasma MDA (TBARS): compared to in corresponding post-resection samples () Tissue MDA (TBARS): protein compared to in adjacent normal tissues () Plasma oxidized-LDL (ELISA): compared to in corresponding post-resection samples () [90] Tissue MDA (TBARS): 0.49 nmol/mg protein compared to 0.71 nmol/mg in adjacent normal tissues () [230] Tissue MDA (Ohkawa’s TBARS): protein compared to in adjacent normal tissues () [143] Plasma MDA (HPLC): (stage I/II) and (stage III/IV) compared to in controls () [231] Urine 8-iso-PGF2α (LC-MS): 0.92 pmol/mg creatinine compared to 0.8 pmol/mg in controls () [232]
Plasma PC content (DNPH): 0.3 nmol/mg protein compared to 0.2 nmol/mg in controls () [Figure 1(a)] [233]
Ovarian cancer
Serum 8-OHdG (ELISA): [101] Serum 8-OHdG (ELISA): [234] Tissue 8-OHdG (ELISA): per 106 dG compared to per 106 dG in adjacent normal tissues () [235]
Tissue MDA (TBARS): 0.65 μM compared to 0.15 μM in controls () [Figure 2] [33] Serum MDA (Buege and Aust’s TBARS): (stage II) and (stage IV) compared to in controls () [236] Serum MDA (TBARS): compared to in controls () [237] Erythrocytes MDA (TBARS): Hb compared to in controls () [238]
Tissue PC content (Mesquita’s DNPH): 18 nmol/mg total protein compared to 5.5 nmol/mg in controls () [Figure 3] [33] Tissue PC content (Levine’s DNPH): 10-14 nmol/mg protein compared to 4 nmol/mg in normal surrounding samples () [Figure 1] [56]
Prostate cancer
Urinary 8-OHdG (ELISA): creatinine compared to in controls () [100] Urinary 8-OHdG (ELISA): creatinine compared to in controls () [239]
Plasma MDA (TBARS): 10.5 nmol/mL compared to 7.5 nmol/mL in controls () [Figure 1(a)] [171] Serum MDA (Yoshioka’s TBARS): compared to in controls () [240] Erythrocytes MDA (TBARS): Hb compared to in controls () Plasma MDA (TBARS): × 10−2 nmol/mL compared to × 10−2 nmol/mL in controls () [67]
Serum PC (Levine’s DNPH): 1.06 nmol/mg protein compared to 0.88 nmol/mg in controls () [Figure 1(b)] [171]
Skin cancer
Urinary 8-OHdG (ELISA): creatinine compared to in controls () Tissue 8-OHdG (IHC): IRS compared to in controls and in adjacent epidermis () Tissue hOGG1 (IHC): IRS compared to in controls and in adjacent epidermis () [107]
Plasma MDA (TBARS): 2.367 μM compared to 1.860 μM in controls () [241] Cellular PUFAs (GC-MS): arachidonic acid/total fatty acids compared to in normal melanocytes () [79] Plasma MDA (HPLC): (T1/T2) and (T3/T4) compared to in controls () [75] Serum MDA (TBARS): 65 μmol/L compared to 52 μMol/L in controls () [Figure 5] [242]
N/A
Thyroid cancer
Serum 8-OHdG (ELISA): compared to in controls () [243]
Tissue MDA (Uchiyama and Mihara’s TBARS): tissue (follicular carcinoma) and (papillary carcinoma) compared to in controls () [244] Tissue MDA (Uchiyama and Mihara’s TBARS): tissue compared to in adjacent tissue () [245] Blood MDA (Uchiyama and Mihara’s TBARS): compared to in controls () Blood LOOH (FOX method): compared to in controls () [246] Serum LOOH (FOX method): compared to in controls () [243] Plasma MDA (Yagi’s TBARS): compared to in controls () Erythrocytes MDA (Donnan’s TBARS): compared to in controls () [247]
Blood AOPP (Witko-Sarsat): compared to in controls () [246] Blood PC content (Levine’s DNPH): compared to in controls () [248]
