Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Review Article

Approaches and Methods to Measure Oxidative Stress in Clinical Samples: Research Applications in the Cancer Field

Table 3

Nonenzymatic antioxidant levels in clinical samples of cancer patients.


Type of cancer	Nonenzymatic antioxidant levels
Type of cancer	Glutathione	Vitamin A (retinol, β-carotene)	Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)	Vitamin E (α-tocopherol)

Bladder cancer	In tissue (Ellman): protein compared to in controls () [214] In plasma (Ellman): compared to in controls () [263]	In plasma (HPLC): 1.41 μg retinol/mL compared to 1.53 μg/mL in controls () [264]	In serum (Roe and Keuther): compared to in controls () [183]	In serum (fluorometry): compared to in controls () [183] In plasma (HPLC): 23.93 μg/mL compared to 27.48 μg/mL in controls () [264]

Breast cancer	In tissue (Tietze): tissue compared to in adjacent normal tissues () [219] In plasma (Ellman): compared to in controls () [218]	In plasma (HPLC): 248.5 ng β-carotene/mL compared to 226.0 ng/mL in controls () 626.4 ng retinol/mL compared to 602.9 ng/mL in controls (ns) [265]	In plasma (Roe and Kuether) compared to in controls () [218] In plasma (Okamura): compared to in controls () [266]	In plasma (Baker et al.) compared to in controls () [218] In plasma (Hashim and Schuttringer): compared to in controls () [266] In plasma (HPLC): 11111.6 ng/mL compared to 10762 ng/mL in controls (ns) [265]

Cervical cancer	In plasma (Ellman): 37 mg/dL compared to 21 mg/dL in controls () [Figure 2] [224] In plasma (Ellman): 1.5 mg/dL compared to 2 mg/dL in controls () [Figure 4] In erythrocytes (Ellman): 35 mg/dL compared to 48 mg/dL in controls () [Figure 6] [119] In plasma (Hu): compared to in controls () [225]	In serum (HPLC): 2.04 μmol retinol/L compared to 2.14 μmol/L in controls (ns) 1.08 μmol β-carotene/L compared to 1.34 μmol/L in controls () [267]	In plasma (Roe and Kuether): 0.3 mg/dL compared to 1.1 mg/dL in controls () [Figure 2] [224] In plasma (Roe and Kuether): 0.7 mg/dL compared to 1.3 mg/dL in controls () [Figure 3] [119]	In plasma (Baker et al.): 0.8 mg/dL compared to 2.3 mg/dL in controls () [Figure 2] [224] In plasma (Baker et al.): 1 mg/dL compared to 2.3 mg/dL in controls () [Figure 3] [119] In serum (HPLC): 17.1 μmol/L compared to 17.3 μmol/L in controls (ns) [267]

Colorectal cancer	In tissue (GSH-400 method): (stage I), (stage II), and tissue (stage III) compared to in normal colon mucosa () [83] In erythrocytes (Beutler et al.): Hb compared to in controls () [253]	In serum (HPLC): retinol/mL compared to in controls (ns) β-carotene/mL compared to in controls (ns) [268] In plasma (HPLC): retinol compared to in controls () [174]	In tissue (HPLC): (stage I), (stage II) and tissue (stage III) compared to in normal colon mucosa () [83] In plasma (HPLC): compared to in controls () [174]	In serum (HPLC): 21.87 μmol/L compared to 21.69 μmol/L in controls (ns) [226] In tissue (HPLC): (stage I), , (stage II), and tissue (stage III) compared to in normal colon mucosa () [83] In serum (HPLC): compared to in controls (ns) [268] In plasma (HPLC): compared to in controls () [174]

Lung cancer	In tissue (Ellman): compared to 13.6 ± 6.5 in adjacent normal tissue () [257]	In serum (HPLC): 1.362 μM retinol compared to 2.496 μM in controls () 0.026 μM β-carotene compared to 0.166 μM in controls () [269] In serum (HPLC): compared to in smoker controls () [270]	In serum (Roe and Kuether): compared to in smoker controls () [270]	In serum (HPLC): 14.07 μM compared to 24.458 μM in controls () [269] In serum (HPLC): compared to in smoker controls (ns) [270]

Liver cancer	In plasma (Tietze): compared to in corresponding post-resection samples () In tissue (Tietze): protein compared to in adjacent normal tissues () [90] In tissue (Sedlak and Lindsay): protein compared to in adjacent normal tissues () [143] In plasma (Tietze): (stage I/II) and (stage III/IV) compared to in controls () [231]	In serum (HPLC): 32.5 μg retinol/dL compared to 41.8 μg/dL in controls () 9.44 μg β-carotene/dL compared to 11.57 μg/dL in controls () [271] In plasma (HPLC): β-carotene/L (stage I/II) and (stage III/IV) compared to in controls (ns and ) [231]	In plasma (Zannoni et al.): (stage I/II) and (stage III/IV) compared to in controls () [231]	In plasma (HPLC): (stage I/II) and (stage III/IV) compared to in controls () [231] In serum (HPLC): 8.13 μg/dL compared to 8.79 μg/dL in controls () [271]

Ovarian cancer	In erythrocytes (Beutler et al.): Hb compared to in controls () [238]	In plasma (HPLC): 59.8 μg retinol/dL compared to 68.6 μg/dL in controls () 13.6 μg β-carotene/dL compared to 21.5 μg/dL in controls () [272]	In erythrocytes (Roe and Keuther): compared to in controls () [238]	In serum (Baker et al.): % (stage II) and (stage IV) compared to in controls ( and ) [236] In erythrocytes (Baker et al.): compared to in controls () [238] In plasma (HPLC): 1.09 mg/dL compared to 1.34 mg/dL in controls () [272]

Prostate cancer	In plasma (Ellman): 1.8 μmol/mL compared to 1.45 μmol/mL in controls () [Figure 2(a)] In erythrocytes (Ellman): 1.87 μmol/mL compared to 1.37 μmol/mL in controls () [Figure 2(b)] [171] In blood (Beutler et al.): % compared to % in controls () [240]	In plasma (HPLC): 580.3 ng retinol/mL compared to 565.6 ng/mL in controls () [273]	In serum (Roe and Keuther): 360 μmol/mL compared to 520 μmol/mL in controls () [Figure 2(c)] [171]	In serum (Hansen and Warwick): 12 μmol/mL compared to 16 μmol/mL in controls () [Figure 2(d)] [171] In plasma (HPLC): 10809 ng/mL compared to 11068 ng/mL in controls (ns) [273]

Skin cancer	In erythrocytes (Tietze): (T1/T2) and Hb (T3/T4) compared to in controls ( and ) [75] In plasma (Tietze): protein compared to in controls () [107] In plasma (Ellman): compared to in controls () [261]	In plasma (HPLC): 725.3 ng retinol/mL compared to 722.9 ng/mL in controls (ns) 153.2 ng β-carotene/mL compared to 168.2 ng/mL in controls (ns) [274] In tissue (HPLC): β-carotene/mg tissue compared to in adjacent tissue (ns) [175]	In plasma (HPLC): 59.95 μM (stage I), 58.85 μM (stage II), 57.27 μM (stage III), and 47.16 μM (stage IV) compared to 64.86 μM in controls (ns for stages I-III; for stage IV) [177] In tissue (HPLC): tissue compared to in adjacent tissue () [175]	In cells (GC-MS): cells compared to in normal melanocytes () [79] In tissue (HPLC): tissue compared to in adjacent tissue (ns) [175] In plasma (HPLC): 12.8 μg/mL compared to 13.1 μg/mL in controls (ns) [274]

Thyroid cancer	In tissue (Beutler et al.): 2.8 ± 0.1 (follicular carcinoma) and 3.4 ± 0.4 μM/g tissue (papillary carcinoma) compared to 2.9 ± 0.5 in controls (ns and ) [244] In serum (Ellman): 244.34 ± 27.0 μmol/L compared to 377.87 ± 37.39 in controls () [248] In plasma (Beutler et al.): compared to in controls () In erythrocytes (Beutler et al.): compared to in controls () [247]	N/A	In plasma (Roe and Keuther): compared to in controls () [247]	In plasma (Desai): compared to in controls () In erythrocytes (Desai): protein compared to in controls () [247]