Flavonoids from Apios americana Medikus Leaves Protect RAW264.7 Cells against Inflammation via Inhibition of MAPKs, Akt-mTOR Pathways, and Nfr2 Activation

Figure 3

Effects of ALE on LPS-induced oxidative damage in RAW264.7 cells (). (a) DCFH-DA staining for ROS. (b) DHE staining for O₂^⋅−. (c) NDA staining for GSH. (d) The quantitative data of (a). (e) The quantitative data of (b). (f) The quantitative data of (c). ALE-treated cells were inoculated in different concentrations of ALE for 24 hours, and then, 250 ng/mL LPS was added for a total of 12 hours. Cells without LPS and ALE were used as a negative control group. Cells treated with LPS alone were used as a model group. Images were captured with a fluorescence microscope in the same settings. All the fluorescence images were quantified in the whole field with the background removed and represented by normalized fluorescence (-axes) via Image-Pro Plus 6.0 (). Significance analysis was carried out according to the one-way ANOVA test, and different letters in figures mean statistically significant differences among the groups (A, B, C, and D were labeled from large to small and the same letters in columns mean statistical insignificance; otherwise, they mean statistical significance ()).