Features of Oxidative and Nitrosative Metabolism in Lung Diseases

Table 1

Respiratory biomarkers and their role in asthma and COPD.

Markers	Specimens	Role in asthma	Role in COPD
FeNO	Exhaled air	Increased in asthma patients and could be used as a potentially valuable tool for assessing the severity of asthma [69].	Elevation in COPD and the association between exacerbated COPD [70].
H2O2	Exhaled air, EBC	Higher values in uncontrolled asthma [71].	Correlate with COPD health status as measured by the COPD assessment test [72].
8-Isoprostane	EBC, induced sputum	Increased in adult asthmatic and its concentration is related to asthma severity [73].	Increased during exacerbation of COPD [74].
3-NT	EBC, induced sputum	Increased in allergic asthmatics [75].	High levels in COPD [76].
MPO	Induced sputum	Increased in severe asthma patients, associated with neutrophilic inflammation [77, 78].	Increased in stable COPD patients, especially pronounced during exacerbations [79].
EPO	Induced sputum	Elevated amounts of EPO correspond with the increased numbers of eosinophils [80, 81].
MMPs	Induced sputum	Increased in asthma, associated with airway remodeling [82].	Contribute to the development of emphysema and small airway fibrosis in COPD [83].
MDA	EBC, induced sputum	Increased in acute asthma attacks [84].	Elevated in COPD [76].

Abbreviations: FeNO: fractional exhaled nitric oxide; 3-NT: 3-nitrotyrosine; MPO: myeloperoxidase; EPO: eosinophil peroxidase; MMPs: matrix metalloproteases; MDA: malondialdehyde.