Artemether Activation of AMPK/GSK3β(ser9)/Nrf2 Signaling Confers Neuroprotection towards β-Amyloid-Induced Neurotoxicity in 3xTg Alzheimer’s Mouse Model

Figure 1

Artemether attenuated Aβ_1-42-induced neurotoxicity in neuronal cell cultures. (a) Chemical structure of Artemether. (b–d) Neurotoxicity of Aβ_1-42 in PC12 cells and Artemether-induced neuroprotection. PC12 cells were grown in 96-well plates and treated for 24 h with different concentrations of Aβ_1-42; cell viability was analyzed by (b) MTT assay. versus control. Cells were pretreated with Artemether at an indicated concentration or 0.1% DMSO (vehicle control) for 2 h and then incubated with or without 1 μM Aβ_1-42 for an additional 24 h. Cell viability was measured by (c) MTT assay and (d) LDH release assay. Results are presented as (). , , and were considered significantly different. (e) SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were pretreated with different doses of Artemether for 2 h followed by exposure to 2.5 μM Aβ_1-42 for an additional 24 h; cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Results are presented as (). and were considered significantly different. (f) Primary brain cortex neuronal cultures were pretreated with different doses of Artemether for 2 h and exposed to 2 μM Aβ1-42 for 24 h; cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Results are presented as (). and were considered significantly different.

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