Verapamil Attenuated Prediabetic Neuropathy in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice through Inhibiting TXNIP-Mediated Apoptosis and Inflammation

Figure 7

The postulated mechanism of verapamil attenuates the inflammation and apoptosis of neurons induced by palmitate through TXNIP inhibition. (a) Under normal conditions: TXNIP rests in the nucleus. TRX1-ASK1 and TRX2-ASK1 binding in the cytosol and mitochondria maintains low ROS. (b) Under high-fat conditions: verapamil inhibits the expression of TXNIP, which shuttles to the cytosol and mitochondria, binds to TRX1 and TRX2, and then transfers to cytosol to combine NLPR3, eventually inhibiting the oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by palmitate treatment.

(a)

(b)