Scientific name Parts used Cell line Conc. Type of extract Important compounds Cellular effect Mechanisms References Vitis vinifera Fruit HCT116 NM Lyophilized Hydroxycinnamic acids, proanthocyanidins, stilbenoids Increase of dihydroceramides, sphingolipid mediators involved in cell cycle arrest, and reduction of the proliferation rate (i) Increase of p53 and p21 cell cycle gate keepers (ii) Activation of the transcriptional factor Nrf2 [26 , 27 ] Fruit Caco-2 365 mg/g Methanolic Catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, gallic acid Antiproliferative activity and direct initiation of cell death Blockage in the G2/M phase [28 , 29 ] Seed Caco-2 10–25 μ g/mL Aqueous Procyanidins (i) Increased crypt depth (ii) Inhibited cell viability and decreased histological damage score Reduced MPO (myeloperoxidase) activity [29 ] Skin NM 7.5, 30, 60 μ g/mL Methanolic 4 - Geranyloxyferulic acid NM NM [30 ] Seed Colon cancer stem cells 6.25, 12.5, 25 μ g/mL NM (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin NM (i) Increment of p53, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and cleaved PARP (ii) Inhibition of Wnt/β -catenin signaling [31 ] Allium sativum Root HT-29 20, 50, 100 mg/mL Ethanolic NM Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest (i) Inhibition of the PI3K̸Akt pathway (ii) Upregulation of PTEN and downregulation of Akt and p-Akt expression [32 ] Glycine max Seed Caco-2, SW620, HT-29 12.5 μ g/mL Aqueous Anthoxanthin Cell death and significant reduction of cell density Enhancement of Rab6 protein levels [33 ] Seed HT-29 240, 600 ppm Crude Saponin Suppression of PKC activation and increase of alkaline phosphatase activity [33 ] Seed HT-29 NM Crude Saponin NM (i) Suppression of the degradation of Iκ Bα in PMA-stimulated cells (ii) Downregulation of COX-2 and PKC expressions [34 ] Camellia sinensis Leaf HT-29 0, 10, 30, 50 μ M Aqueous Catechin, epigallocatechin gallate 1.9-fold increase in tumor cell apoptosis and a 3-fold increase in endothelial cell apoptosis (i) Suppression of ERK-1 and ERK-2 activation (ii) Suppression of VEGF expression [35 ] Leaf Caco-2, HT-29 300 μ M Aqueous Theaflavins (TF-2T, F-3, TF-1) Human colon cancer cell apoptosis induction Modulation of NFκ B, AP-1, CREB, and/or IL-6 [36 ] Leaf HT-29 68-80 0.73 μ g/mL Hot water extract Flavan-3-ol (catechin & tannin) & polyphenols (teadenol B) Inhibition of proliferation of HT-29 cells Increased expression levels of caspases 3/7, 8, and 9 [35 ] Olea europaea Fruit HT-29 150, 55.5 200 and 74 μ mol/L Methanolic and chloroform Maslinic acid, oleanolic acid Antiproliferative activity (i) Increased caspase 3-like activity to 6-fold (ii) Production of superoxide anions in the mitochondria [37 ] Fruit, leaf SW480 and HT-29 100–400 m/z Methanolic & hexane Oleic acid, linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, lignans, flavonoids, secoiridoids Reduced cell growth in both cell lines (i) Limited G2M cell cycle (ii) Depressed cyclooxygenase-2 expression in HT-29 cells (iii) Suppression of β -catenin/TCF signaling in SW480 cells (iv) Promotion of the entry into subG1 phase [38 ] Fruit Caco-2 50 μ M Aqueous Phenolic compounds, authentic hydroxyl tyrosol (HT) Reduced proliferation of Caco-2 cells Reduction of the methylation levels of CNR1 promoter [39 ] Fruit HT115 25 μ g/mL Hydroethanolic Phenolic compounds (p-hydroxyphenyl ethanol, pinoresinol & dihydroxyphenyl ethanol) NM Inhibition by reduced expression of a range of α 5 & β 1 [40 ] Olive mill wastewater HT-29, HCT116, CT26 NM Methanolic Hydroxytyrosol (i) Inhibited proliferation (ii) Inhibited migration and invasion (i) Reduced sprout formation (ii) Inhibited VEGF and IL-8 levels [41 ] Fruit Caco-2 0-2,000 μ g/mL Ethanolic Tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, rutin, quercetin and glucoside forms of luteolin and apigenin NM (i) Induction of the cell cycle arrest in S-phase [42 ] Punica granatum Juice HT-29 50 mg/L Aqueous Ellagitannins, punicalagin Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation (i) Suppressed TNFR-induced COX-2 protein expression (ii) Reduced phosphorylation of the p65 subunit and binding to the NFκ B response element [43 ] Seed LS174 63.2 μ g/mL Supercritical fluid Punicic acid, γ -tocopherol, α -tocopherol Cytotoxic activity (i) Slightly decreased development of tubules from elongated cell bodies (ii) Reduction of the number of cell connections [44 ] Glycyrrhiza glabra Root HT-29 12.2 and 31 μ g/mL Ethanolic Licochalcone NM Increase of the protein levels of proapoptotic Bax [37 ] Opuntia ficus-indica Fruit Caco-2 115 μ M Aqueous Betalain pigment indicaxanthin Apoptosis of proliferating cells (i) Demethylation of the tumor suppressor p16INK4a gene promoter (ii) Reactivation of the silenced mRNA expression and accumulation of p16INK4a [38 ] Fruit HT-29 & Caco-2 & NIH 3 T3 (as control) Against HT-29 (4.9 μ g/mL) against Caco-2 (8.2 μ g/mL) Alkaline hydrolysis with NaOH Isorhamnetin glycosides (IG5 and IG6)-phenol Cell death through apoptosis and necrosis Increased activity of caspase 3/7 [45 ] Piper betle Leaf HT-29 and HCT116 200.0 μ g/mL Aqueous Hydroxychavicol Antioxidant capacity and induction of a greater apoptotic effect (i) Scavenging activity (ii) Formation of electrophilic metabolites [41 , 46 ] Fragaria×ananassa Fruit HT-29 0.025, 0.05, 0.25, 0.5% Ethanolic Ascorbate, ellagic acid Decreased proliferation of HT-29 cells Increase in the levels of 8OHA and decrease in the levels of 8OHG [40 ] Sasa quelpaertensis Leaf HT-29 HCT116 0, 100, 200, 300 mg/L Ethanolic p-Coumaric acid, tricin Inhibited colony formation Nonadherent sphere formation suppressed CD133+ & CD44+ population [41 ] Salvia chinensis Stem HCT116, COLO 205 10, 20, 40,60, 80, 100 mg/L Polyphenolic Terpenoids, phenolic acid, flavonoids, dibenzylcyclooctadiene Apoptosis & loss of mitochondrial membrane Induced G0/G1 cell cycle [42 ] Rubus idaeus L. Fruit HT-29, HT-115, Caco-2 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 mg/L Acetate Polyphenol, anthocyanin, ellagitannin NM Decreased population of cells in G1 phase [47 ] LoVo 50 μ L Aqueous NM Inhibited proliferation of LoVo Suppression of the NFκ B pathway [48 ] Curcuma longa Root HT-29, HCT15, DLD1, HCT116 (i) Short-term assay: four 10-fold dilutions (100 to 0.1 mg/L) (ii) Long-term assay: 5, 10, 20 mg/L Ethanolic Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) Inhibited formation of HCT116 spheroids NM [49 ] Eleutherococcus senticosus Root HCT116 12.5, 25, 50, 100 Methanolic Eleutherosides, triterpenoid saponins, glycans NM Activation of natural killer cells and thus enhancement of immune function [50 ] Tabernaemontana divaricata L. Leaf HT-29, HCT15 10, 30, 100 mg/L Ethyl acetate, chloroform, methanolic Alkaloids NM Inhibited the unwinding of supercoiled DNA [45 ] Millingtonia hortensis Root, flower, leaf RKO 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 mg/L Aqueous Phenylethanoid glycoside, squalene, salidroside, 2-phenyl rutinoside Apoptosis induction (i) Increase of fragmented DNA (ii) Decrease of the expression of antiapoptotic proteins, Bcl-xL and p-BAD [46 ] Powder RKO 200, 400, 800 μ g/mL Aqueous Water soluble compounds Antiproliferative effect NM [51 ] Thai purple rice Seed Caco-2, Cat. No. HTB-37 16.11 μ g/mL Methanol acidified Cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds (i) Antioxidation of anthocyanins and phenols (ii) Antiproliferation of colon cancer cells NM [52 ] Annona muricata Leaf HCT116, HT-29 and Ethanolic Alkaloids, acetogenins, essential oils Block of the migration and invasion of HT-29 and HCT116 cells (i) Cell cycle arrest at G1 phase (ii) Disruption of MMP, cytochrome c leakage and activation [53 ] NM HT-29, HCT116 <4, <20 μ g/mL EtOAc Annopentocin A, annopentocin B, annopentocin C, cis- and trans-annomuricin-D-ones, annomuricin E NM Suppression of ATP production and NADH oxidase in cancer cells [54 ] Pistacia lentiscus L. var. chia Leaf HCT116 NM Ethanolic Resin, known as Chios mastic gum (CMG) Causes several morphological changes typical of apoptosis in cell organelles (i) Induction of cell cycle arrest at G1 phase (ii) Activation of pro-caspases 8, 9, 3 [55 ] Resin HCT116 100 μ g/mL Hexane Caryophyllene Induction of the anoikis form of apoptosis in human colon cancer HCT116 cells (i) Induction of G1 phase arrest (ii) Loss of adhesion to the substrate [56 ] American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) Biological constituents HCT116 0-2.0 mg/mL Aqueous Ginseng (GE) or its ginsenoside (GF) and polysaccharide (PS) Proliferation was inhibited by GE, GF, and PS in wild-type and p21 cells (i) Cells arrest in G0/G1 phase and increment of p53 and p21 proteins (ii) Increment of Bax and caspase 3 proteins expression [57 ] Purple-fleshed potatoes Fruit Colon cancer stem cells 5.0 μ g/mL Ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate Anthocyanin, β -catenin, cytochrome c Critical regulator of CSC proliferation and its downstream proteins (c-Myc and cyclin D1) and elevated Bax and cytochrome c (i) Cytochrome c levels were elevated regardless of p53 status (ii) Mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway (iii) Suppressed levels of cytoplasmic and nuclear β -catenin [58 ] Phaseolus vulgaris Leaf HT-29 NM Ethanolic Polysaccharides, oligosaccharides Changes in genes involved or linked to cell cycle arrest (i) Inactivation of the retinoblastoma phosphoprotein (ii) Induction of G1 arrest (iii) Suppression of NF-jB1 (iv) Increase in EGR1 expression [59 ] Opuntia spp. Fruit HT-29 , , ( )Hydroalcoholic Betacyanins, flavonoids (isorhamnetin derivatives) and phenolic acids (ferulic acid) NM Induced cell cycle arrest at different checkpoints—G1, G2/M, and S [60 ] Suillus luteus NM HCT15 400 μ g/mL Methanolic Protocatechuic acid, cinnamic acid, α -tocopherol, β -tocopherol, mannitol, trehalose, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids (i) Increase in the cellular levels of p-H2A.X, which is suggestive of DNA damage (i) Inhibition of cell proliferation in G1 phase (ii) Increase in the cellular levels of p-H2A.X [61 ] Poncirus trifoliata Leaf HT-29 0.63 μ M Aqueous (in acetone) β -Sitosterol, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid 2-methyl esterArrest of cell growth was observed with β -sitosterol NM [62 ] Rosmarinus officinalis L. Leaf SW 620, DLD-1 0-120 μ g/mL Methanolic Polyphenols Antiproliferative effect of 5-FU Downregulation of TYMS and TK1, enzymes related to 5-FU resistance [63 ] Leaf HT-29 SC-RE 30 μ g/mL and CA 12.5 μ g/mL Ethanolic Polyphenols (carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol) (i) Upregulation of VLDLR gene as the principal contributor to the observed cholesterol accumulation in SC-RE-treated cells (ii) Downregulation of several genes involved in G1-S Activation of Nrf2 transcription factor and common regulators, such as XBP1 (Xbp1) gene related to the unfolded protein response (UPR) [64 ] NM HT-29 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 μ g/mL NM Carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid, rosmanol NM NM [65 ] Leaf HGUE-C-1, HT-29, and SW480 20–40 mg/mL CO2-supercritical fluid extract Carnosic acid, carnosol, and betulinic acid NM (i) Prooxidative capability by increasing the intracellular generation of ROS (ii) Activation of Nrf2 [66 ] Glehnia littoralis Leaf HT-29 50 mg/mL Methanolic Bergapten, isoimpinellin, xanthotoxin, imperatorin, panaxydiol, falcarindiol, falcarinol Induced apoptosis by the decreased expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 mRNA (i) Reduced expression of Bcl-2 (ii) Reduced expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 [67 ] Verbena officinalis Leaf HCT116 20 mg/mL Aqueous Phenylethanoid glycosides, diacetyl-O-isoverbascoside, diacetyl-O-betonyoside A, and diacetyl-O-betonyoside A (i) Substantial tumor cell growth inhibitory activity (ii) Time-dependent cytotoxicity against both cell lines (i) Increased lipophilicity of molecules seemed to be responsible for enhanced cytotoxicity (ii) Antiproliferative activity is determined by the number of acetyl groups and also by their position in the aliphatic rings [68 ] Mentha spicata Leaf RCM-1 12.5 μ g/mL N-Hexane Acetic acid 3-methylthio propyl ester (AMTP), methyl thio propionic acid ethyl ester (MTPE) Exhibited antimutagenic activity Auraptene (7-geranyloxycoumarin) having a monoterpene moiety and β -cryptoxanthin (one of the tetraterpenes) increased antibody production [69 ] Euphoria longana Lam. Seed SW 480 0–100 μ g/mL Ethanolic Corilagin, gallic acid, ellagic acid (i) Antiangiogenetic properties (ii) All fractions showed the anti-VEGF secretion activity Release and expression of VEGF indicated that all fractions showed the anti-VEGF secretion activity [70 ] Sutherlandia frutescens Flower Caco-2 1/50 dilution of the ethanolic extract Ethanolic Amino acids, including L-arginine and L-canavanine, pinitol, flavonoids, and triterpenoid saponins as well as hexadecanoic acid and γ -sitosterol Disruption of the key molecules in the PI3K pathway thereby inducing apoptosis Decrease in cell viability and increment in pyknosis as well as loss in cellular membrane integrity [71 ] Melissa officinalis Leaf HT-29, T84 346, 120 μ g/mL Ethanolic Phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid), flavonoids, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, triterpenes (i) Inhibited proliferation of colon carcinoma cells (ii) Induced apoptosis through formation of ROS (i) G2/M cell cycle arrest (ii) Cleavage of caspases 3 and 7 (iii) Induced phosphatidylserine externalization in colon carcinoma cells (iv) Induced formation of ROS in colon carcinoma cells [72 ] Sargassum cristaefolium Leaf HT-29 500 mg/mL Ethanolic Fucoidans (i) Reduction of free radicals (ii) DPPH radical scavenging Accumulation of cells in G0/G1 phase [73 ] Hedyotis diffusa NM HT-29 400 mg/mL Ethanolic and then DMSO Octadecyl (E)-p-coumarate, P-E-methoxy-cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, scopoletin, succinic acid, aurantiamide acetate, rubiadin Suppress tumor cell growth and induce the apoptosis of human CRC cells (i) Block G1/S progression (ii) Induce the activation of caspases 9 and 3 (iii) Inhibit IL-6-mediated STAT3 activation (iv) Downregulate the mRNA and protein expression levels of cyclin D1, CDK4, Bcl-1, and Bax [74 ] Zingiber officinale Roscoe Peel LoVo 100 mg/mL Ethanolic Linoleic acid methyl ester, α -zingiberene, and zingiberone Interesting antiproliferative activity against colorectal carcinoma NM [75 ] Scutellaria barbata Leaf LoVo 413.3 mg/L Methanolic Scutellarein, scutellarin, carthamidin, isocarthamidin, wogonin Induce cell death in the human colon cancer cell line Increase in the sub-G1 phase and inhibition of cell growth [76 ] Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia lentiscus Resin HCT116 100 μ g/mL Hexane extract Caryophyllene Induce the anoikis form of apoptosis in human colon cancer HCT116 cells (i) Induce G1 phase arrest (ii) Loss of adhesion to the substrate [56 ] Citrus reticulata Peel SNU-C4 100 μ g/mL Methanolic Limonene, geranial, neral, geranyl acetate, geraniol, β -caryophyllene, nerol, neryl acetate Induce the apoptosis on SNU-C4, human colon cancer cells Expression of proapoptotic gene, Bax, and major apoptotic gene, caspase 3 [77 ] Echinacea pallida, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea Root COLO320 150 mg/mL Hexanic Caffeic acid derivatives, alkylamides, polyacetylenes, polysaccharides Induce apoptosis and promote nuclear DNA fragmentation (i) Induce apoptosis by increasing caspase 3/7 activity (ii) Promote nuclear DNA fragmentation [78 ] Nasturtium officinale Leaf HT-29 50 μ L/mL Methanolic Phenethyl isothiocyanate, 7-methylsulfinylheptyl, 8-methylsulfinyl (i) Inhibition of initiation, proliferation, and metastasis (i) Inhibited DNA damage (ii) Accumulation of cells in S phase of the cell cycle [79 ] Polysiphonia NM SW480, HCT15, HCT116, DLD-1 20 and 40 μ g/mL Methanolic 2,5-Dibromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl n-propyl ether Potentially could be used as a chemopreventive agent against colon cancer (i) Inhibited Wnt/β -catenin pathway (ii) Repressed CRT in colon cancer cells (iii) Downregulated cyclin D1 (iv) Activated the NFκ B pathway [80 ] Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc. Stem HT-29 200 μ g/mL Methanolic Aristolochic acid, nitrophenanthrene carboxylic acids Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in HT-29 cells (i) Induction of sub-G1 cell cycle (ii) Generation of ROS and decrease of the MMP (iii) Bax overexpression and increase of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio [81 ] Myrtaceae Leaf HCT116 100 μ g/mL (in vitro), 200 and 100 μ g/disc (in vivo ) Methanolic Phenols, flavonoid, betulinic acid Strong inhibition of microvessel outgrowth (i) Inhibition of tube formation on Matrigel matrix (ii) Inhibition of HUVECS migration (in vitro ) (iii) Decreased nutrient and oxygen supply [82 ] Spica prunellae Leaf HT-29 200 mg/mL (in vitro ), 600 mg/mL (in vivo ) Ethanolic Rosmarinic acid Inhibits CRC cell growth (i) Suppresses STAT3 phosphorylation (ii) Regulates the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, cyclin D1, CDK4, VEGF-A, and VEGFR-2 [83 ] Phytolacca americana Root HCT116 3200 μ g/mL Ethanolic Jaligonic acids, kaempferol, quercetin, quercetin 3-glucoside, isoquercitrin, ferulic acid Control of growth and spread of cancer cells Reduction in the expressions of MYC, PLAU, and TEK [84 ] Morus alba Leaf HCT15 13.8 μ g/mL Methanolic Epicatechin, myricetin, quercetin hydrate, luteolin, kaempferol, ascorbic acid, gallic acid, pelargonidine, p-coumaric acid Cytotoxic effect on human colon cancer cells (HCT15) (i) Apoptosis induction also involved in the downregulation of iNOS (ii) Fragmentation of DNA (iii) Upregulation of caspase 3 activity [85 ] Rhodiola imbricata Leaf HT-29 200 μ g/mL Acetone and methanolic Phenols, tannins, and flavonoids (i) Antioxidant activity (ii) Inhibited proliferation of HT-29 cells (i) Scavenge free radicals (ii) DPPH radical scavenging activity (iii) Increased metal chelating activity [86 ] Asiasarum heterotropoides F. Dried A. radix HCT116 20 mg/mL Ethanolic Asarinin and xanthoxylol Inhibition of the growth of HCT116 cells (i) Caspase-dependent apoptosis (ii) Regulation of p53 expression at transcription level [87 ] Podocarpus elatus Fruit HT-29 500 mg/mL Methanolic Phenolic and anthocyanin Reduction of proliferation of colon cancer cells (i) Cell cycle delay in S phase (ii) 93% downregulation of telomerase activity and decrease in telomere length (iii) Induced morphological alterations to HT-29 cells [88 ] Echinacea purpurea Flower Caco-2, HCT116 0–2,000 mg/mL Hydroethanolic Cichoric acid (i) Inhibition of proliferation (ii) Decreased telomerase activity in HCT116 cells (i) Decreased telomerase activity (ii) Activation of caspase 9 (iii) Cleavage of PARP (iv) Downregulation of β -catenin [89 ] Root COLO320 150 mg/mL Hexanic Caffeic acid derivatives, alkylamides, polyacetylenes, polysaccharides Induce apoptosis by increasing significantly caspase 3/7 activity and promote nuclear DNA fragmentation (i) Increase significantly caspase 3/7 activity (ii) Promote nuclear DNA fragmentation [78 ] Hop (Humulus lupulus L.), Franseria artemisioides Leaf NM 100 mg/kg b.w./day Aqueous Coumarin, lignans, quinones 30% reduction of tumor-induced neovascularization NM [90 ] NM Caco-2 NM Ethanolic Phenolic compounds, flavonoid, diterpenes Digestive, gastroprotective, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activity NM [91 ] Fruit NL-17 0, 50, 100, 150 μ g/mL Methanolic α -Mangostin (xanthone)NM (i) Induction of caspase 3 and caspase 9 activation (ii) Induced cell cycle arrest at G1/G0 phase [92 ] Stem, bark HT-29 50 μ g/mL Chloroform-soluble β -Mangostin, garcinone D, cratoxyxanthoneCytotoxic activity against HT-29 human colon cancer Inhibition of p50 and p65 activation [93 ] Annona squamosa Linn Leaf HCT116 8.98 μ g/mL Crude, Aq ethyl acetate Acetogenins (annoreticuin & isoannoreticuin) and alkaloids dopamine, salsolinol, and coclaurine Inhibition of growth and proliferation of tumor cells (i) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release (ii) Activation of caspases 3/7, 8, and 9 [94 ] Derris scandens Stem HT-29 5-15 μ g/mL Ethanolic Benzyls and isoflavones (genistein, coumarins, scandinone) Apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe of human colon cancer HT-29 cells (i) Inhibition of α -glucosidase activity (ii) Scavenge free radicals [95 ] Eupatorium cannabinum Aerial parts HT-29 25 μ g/mL Ethanolic Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (senecionine, senkirkine, monocrotaline, echimidine) Induced alteration of colony morphology (i) Upregulation of p21 and downregulation of NCL, FOS, and AURKA (ii) Mitotic disruption and nonapoptotic cell death via upregulation of Bcl-xL, limited TUNEL labeling, and nuclear size increase [96 ] Sorghum bicolor The dermal layer of stalk HCT116 & colon cancer stem cells >16 and 103 μ g/mL Phenolic-rich ethanolic, acetone Apigeninidin & luteolinidin Antiproliferative Target p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways [97 ] Dermal and seed head CCSC NM Methanolic Apigeninidin, luteolinidin, malvidin 3-O-glucoside, apigenin, luteolin, naringenin, naringenin 7-O-glucoside, eriodictyol 5-glucoside, taxifolin, catechins NM (i) Elevation of caspase 3/7 activity (ii) Decrease in β -catenin, cyclin D1, c-Myc, and survivin protein levels (iii) Suppression of Wnt/β -catenin signaling in a p53-dependent (dermal layer) and partial p53-dependent (seed head) manner [98 ] Hibiscus cannabinus Seed HCT116 KSE (15.625 μ g/mL to 1,000 μ g/mL) Ethanolic Gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, and p-coumaric and ferulic acids Cytotoxic activity against human colon cancer HCT116 cells Apoptosis via blockade of mid G1-late G1-S transition thereby causing G1 phase cell cycle arrest [99 ] Salix aegyptiaca L.Bark HCT116 & HT-29 300 μ g/mL Ethanolic Catechin, salicin, catechol and smaller amounts of gallic acid, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), quercetin, coumaric acid, rutin, syringic acid, and vanillin Anticarcinogenic effects in colon cancer cells Apoptosis via inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways [100 ] Rubus coreanum Fruit HT-29 400 μ g/mL Aqueous Polyphenols, gallic acid, sanguine Induction of apoptosis (i) Induced activity of caspases 3, 7, and 9 (ii) Cleavage of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase [101 ] Codonopsis lanceolata Root HT-29 200 μ g/mL N-Butanol fraction Tannins, saponins, polyphenolics, alkaloids Apoptosis in human colon tumor HT-29 cells (i) Induced G0/G1 arrest (ii) Enhancement of expression of caspase 3 and p53 and of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio [102 ] Gleditsia sinensis Thorn HCT116 800 μ g/mL Aqueous Flavonoid, lupine acid, ellagic acid glycosides (i) Increase in p53 levels (ii) Downregulation of the checkpoint proteins, cyclin B1, Cdc2, and Cdc25c Inhibition of proliferation of colon cancer cells [90 ] Thorn HCT116 600 μ g/mL Ethanolic NM Inhibitory effect on proliferation of human colon cancer HCT116 cells (i) Caused cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase together with a decrease of cyclin B1 and Cdc2 (ii) Progression from G2/M phase [91 ] Ligustrum lucidum Fruit DLD-1 50 μ g/mL Aqueous Oleanolic acid, ursolic acid Inhibited proliferation (i) Reduction of Tbx3 rescued the dysregulated P14ARF-P53 signaling [94 ] Zingiber officinale Rhizome HCT116 5 μ M Ethanolic 6-Paradol, 6- and 10-dehydrogingerdione, 6- and 10-gingerdione, 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerdiol, 6-methylgingerdiol, zingerone, 6-hydroxyshogaol, 6-, 8-, 10-dehydroshogaol, diarylheptanoids Inhibitory effects on the proliferation of human colon cancer cells (i) Arrest at G0/G1 phase (ii) Reduced DNA synthesis [103 ] Grifola frondosa Fruit HT-29 10 ng/mL Aqueous Phenolic compounds (pyrogallol, caffeic acid, myricetin, protocatechuic acid) Inhibition of TNBS-induced rat colitis Induced cell cycle progression in G0/G1 phase [104 ] Cucumaria frondosa The enzymatically hydrolyzed epithelium of the edible HCT116 <150 μ g/mL Hydroalcoholic Monosulphated triterpenoid glycoside frondoside A, the disulphated glycoside frondoside B, the trisulphated glycoside frondoside C Inhibition of human colon cancer cell growth (i) Inhibition at S and G2-M phases with a decrease in Cdc25c and increase in p21WAF1/CIP (ii) Apoptosis associated with H2AX phosphorylation and caspase 2 [105 ] Rolandra fruticosa Leaf & twigs HT-29 10 and 5 mg/kg/day Methanolic Sesquiterpene lactone (13-acetoxyrolandrolide) Antiproliferative effect against human colon cancer cells Inhibition of the NFκ B pathway, NFκ B subunit p65 (RelA), upstream mediators IKKβ and oncogenic K-ras [106 ] Cydonia oblonga Miller Leaf & Fruit Caco-2 250–500 μ g/mL Methanolic Phenolic compound (flavonol and flavone heterosides, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid) Antiproliferative effect against human kidney and colon cancer cells (i) Suppression of factor activation, nuclear factor-kB (NFκ B) activation, protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor, mitogen protein kinases (MAPKs), protein kinases (PKs), namely, PKC, growth-factor receptor- (GFR-) mediated pathways and angiogenesis (ii) Cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects [107 ] Morchella esculenta Fruits HT-29 820 mg/mL Methylene chloride Steroids (mainly ergosterol derivatives) & polysaccharides & galactomannan Antioxidant activity in HT-29 colon cancer cells Inhibition of NF-B activation in the NF-B assay [108 ] Sedum kamtschaticum Aerial part HT-29 0–0.5 mg/mL Methanolic Buddlejasaponin IV Induced apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells Induction of apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway by downregulation of Bcl-2 protein levels, caspase 3 activation, and subsequent PARP cleavage [109 ] Ginseng and Glycyrrhiza glabra Leaf HT-29 500 μ L Aqueous Uracil, adenine, adenosine, Li-glycyrrhetinic acid, quiritin NM Antiproliferative effect determination of the protein levels of p21, cyclin D1, PCNA, and cdk-2, which are the key regulators for cell cycle progression [110 ] Orostachys japonicus Leaf & stem HT-29 2 mg/mL Aqueous Flavonoids, triterpenoids, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, polysaccharide Antiproliferation in HT-29 colon cancer cells Inhibited proliferation at G2 point of the cell cycle and apoptosis via tumor suppressor protein p53 [111 ] Ginkgo biloba Fruit & leaf HT-29 20–320mg/L Aqueous Terpene lactones and flavonoid glycosides (i) Inhibited progression of human colon cancer cells (ii) Induced HT-29 cell apoptosis Increase in caspase 3 activities and elevation in p53 MRN reduction in Bcl-2 mRNA [112 ] Oryza sativa Seed HT-29, SW 480, HCEC 100 μ g/mL Ethyl acetate Phenolic compound (tricin, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and methoxycinnamic acid) Inhibition of the human colon cancer cell growth (i) Induced apoptosis by enhanced activation of caspases 8 and 3 (ii) Decrease of the number of viable SW480 and HCEC cells (iii) Reduced colony-forming ability of these cells [113 ] Cnidium officinale Makino Root HT-29 305.024/mL Ethanolic Osthole, auraptenol, imperatorin Inhibited proliferation of human colon cancer cells (HT-29) Inhibition of the cellular proliferation via G0/G1 phase arrest of the cell cycle and induced apoptosis [114 ] Cnidium officinale Makino Root HT-29 0.1-5 mg/mL Aqueous N-(3-(Aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine Inhibited the invasiveness of cytokine-treated HT-29 cells through the Matrigel-coated membrane in a concentration-dependent manner (i) Reduction of HT-29 cell invasion through the Matrigel (ii) Inhibited cytokine-mediated NO production, iNOS expression, and invasiveness of HT-29 cells (iii) Inhibited MMP-2 activity [115 ] Long pepper (PLX) Fruit HT-29 and HCT116 0.10 mg/mL Ethanolic Piperidine alkaloids, piperamides, piperlongumine (i) Induction of apoptosis, following DNA fragmentation in HT-29 colon cancer cells in a time-dependent manner (ii) Induced caspase-independent apoptosis Induced whole cell ROS production [116 ] Achyranthes aspera Root COLO 205 50-100 and 150-200 μ g/mL Ethanolic (EAA) and aqueous (AAA) root extracts Aqueous Phenolic compounds (i) Enhanced growth inhibitory effects of AAA towards COLO 205 cells in contrast to EAA (ii) Stimulatory role of AAA in the activation of cell cycle inhibitors (i) Triggered mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and S phase cell cycle arrest (ii) Increased levels of caspase 9, caspase 3, and caspase 3/7 activity [117 ] Thymus vulgaris Leaf HCT116 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mg/mL Carvacrol and thymol Inhibited proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion of cancer cells [118 ] Dictyopteris undulata NM SW480 40 μ g/mL Ethanolic Cyclozonarone benzoquinone NM Induced apoptosis by reducing Bcl-2 levels, upregulating Bax, and disrupting the mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to the activation of caspases 3 and 9 [119 ] Dendrobium microspermae NM HCT116 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/mL Methanolic NM NM Upregulation of Bax and caspases 9 and 3 and downregulation of Bcl-2 expression of genes [120 ] Cannabis sativa Dry flower & leaf DLD-1 and HCT116 0.3–5 μ M Methanolic Cannabidiol, phytocannabinoids Reduced cell proliferation in a CB1-sensitive (i) Reduced AOM-induced preneoplastic lesions and polyps (ii) Inhibited colorectal cancer cell proliferation via CB1 and CB2 receptor activation [121 ] Phoenix dactylifera L.Fruit Caco-2 0.2 mg/mL Aqueous Phenolic acids (gallic, protocatechuic, hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, isovanillic, syringic, caffeic, ferulic, sinapic, p-coumaric, isoferulic), flavonoid glycosides (quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, and kaempferol), and anthocyanidins Increasing beneficial bacterial growth and inhibition of proliferation of colon cancer cells NM [122 ] Melia toosendan Fruit SW480, CT26 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 μ g/mL Ethanolic Triterpenoids, flavonoids, polysaccharide, limonoids NM (i) Inhibited cell proliferation of SW480 and CT26 by promoting apoptosis as indicated by nuclear chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation (ii) Induced caspase 9 activity which further activated caspase 3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, leading the tumor cells to apoptosis [123 ] Crocus sativus L.Flower HCT116 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 μ g/mL Ethanolic Carotenoid, pigment, crocin, crocetin Induced DNA damage and apoptosis (i) Induction of a p53 pattern-dependent caspase 3 activation with a full G2/M stop (ii) Induced remarkable delay in S/G2 phase transit with entry into mitosis [124 ] Tepals and leaf Caco-2 0.42 mg/mL NM Polyphenols, glycosides of kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin Proliferation of Caco-2 cells was greatly inhibited NM [125 ] Luffa echinata Fruit HT-29 50, 100, and 200 μ g/mL Methanolic Amariin, echinatin, saponins, hentriacontane, gypsogenin, cucurbitacin B, datiscacin, 2-O -β -D-glucopyranosyl cucurbitacin B, and 2-O -β -D-glucopyranosyl cucurbitacin S Increase in the population of apoptotic cells (i) Inhibited the cellular proliferation of HT-29 cells via G2/M phase arrest of the cell cycle (ii) Induced apoptotic cell death via ROS generation (iii) Accumulation of caspase 3 transcripts of HT-29 cells [126 ] Vitis aestivalis hybrid Fruits (wine) CCD-18Co 25, 50, 100 μ g/mL NM Polyphenolics NM (i) Decreased mRNA expression of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced inflammatory mediators NFκ B, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and PECAM-1 (ii) Enhanced expression of miR-126 (iii) Decreased gene expression and reduced activation of the NFκ B transcription factor, NFκ B-dependent (iv) Decrease in ROS 113MAH [127 ] Xylopia aethiopica Dried fruit HCT116 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 μ g/mL Ethanolic Ent-15-oxokaur-16-en-19-oic acid (EOKA) NM (i) Induced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest in G1 phase, and apoptotic cell death [128 ] Sorghum Grain ER-β ; nonmalignant young adult mouse colonocytes 1, 5, 10, 100 μ g/mL Aqueous Flavones (luteolin and apigenin), 3-deoxyanthocyanins naringenin (eriodictyol and naringenin) Reduced cell growth via apoptosis Increased caspase 3 activity [129 ] NM HT-29, HCT116 0.9-2.0 mg/mL Hydroethanolic Procyanidin B1, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, tannin, cyanidin-3-O glucoside (i) Significantly arrested HT-29 cells in G1 (ii) Highest growth inhibition (iii) Increased percentage of apoptotic cells (i) Downregulation of apoptotic proteins, such as cIAP-2, livin, survivin, and XIAP, was seen in HCT116 cells (ii) Inhibition of tyrosine kinase [130 ] Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen Root LoVo and Caco-2 0, 100, 250, and 500 μ g/mL Alcoholic Saponin, ginsenoside NM Delay in progression of the G0/G1, S, or G2/M cell cycle phases [131 ] Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Broccoli florets HCT116 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 μ g/mL Ethanolic Glucoiberin, 3 hydroxy,4(α -L-rhamnopyranosyloxy), benzyl glucosinolate 4-vinyl-3-pyrazolidinone 4-(methyl sulphinyl), butyl thiourea, β -thioglucoside N-hydroxysulphates NM NM [132 ] Cistanche deserticola Dried stem SW480 In vivo: 0.4 g/kg/dayIn vitro: 100 μ g/mLAqueous Polysaccharides, phenylethanoid glycosides (i) Decreased number of mucosal hyperplasia and intestinal helicobacter infection (ii) Increased number of splenic macrophage, NK cells, and splenic macrophages Decreased frequency of hyperplasia and Helicobacter hepaticus infection of the intestine [133 ] Chaenomeles japonica Fruit Caco-2 and HT-29 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 μ M CE NM Procyanidins NM NM [134 ] Prunus mume Fruit SW480, COLO, and WiDr 150, 300, and 600 μ g/mL Hydrophobic Triterpenoid saponins NM (i) Inhibited growth and lysed SW480, COLO, and WiDr (ii) Induction of massive cytoplasmic vacuoles [135 ] Solanum lyratum NM COLO 205 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 μ g/mL EtOH β -LycotetraosylInduced S phase arrest and apoptosis (i) Induced DNA fragments (ii) Increased the levels of p27, p53, cyclin B1, active-caspase 3, and Bax (iii) Decreased the levels of Cdk1, pro-caspase 9, Bcl-2 and NF-ÎB, p65, and p50 [136 ] Onopordum cynarocephalum Aerial parts HCT116, HT-29 0, 0.04, 0.12, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2 mg/mL 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1.2, 2.0, 3.0 mg/mL Aqueous Flavonoids, lignans, and sesquiterpene lactones NM (i) Increase in the expression of proapoptotic proteins such as p53, p21, and Bax (ii) Inhibition of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 (iii) Decrease in cyclin D1 protein [137 ] Eleutherine palmifolia Bulbs SW480 2.5, 5, 10 μ g/mL MeOH Eleutherin, isoeleutherin NM (i) Inhibited the transcription of TCF/β -catenin (ii) Decrease in the level of nuclear β -catenin protein [138 ] Asparagus officinalis Spears HCT116 76 μ g/mL Acetone Steroidal saponins (HTSA-1, HTSAP-2, HTSAP-12, HTSAP-6, HTSAP-8) NM (i) Inhibition of Akt, p70S6K, and ERK phosphorylation (ii) Induction of caspase 3 activity, PARP-1 cleavage, DNA fragmentation, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest by reducing the expression of cyclins D, A, and E [139 ] Phyllanthus emblica L. Seed, pulp HCCSCs, HCT116 200 μ g/mL Methanolic Trigonelline, naringin, kaempferol, embinin, catechin, isorhamnetin, quercetin (i) Suppressed proliferation (ii) Induced apoptosis independent from p53 stemness property (in HCCSCs) (iii) Antiproliferative properties (i) Suppressed cell proliferation and expression of c-Myc and cyclin D1 (ii) Induced intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway [140 ] Red grape NM HT-29, HCT116 0.9-2.0 mg/mL Hydroethanolic Delphinidin glycosides, quercetin derivatives, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (high), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (i) Highest growth inhibition (ii) Increased the percentage of apoptotic cells (i) Downregulation of apoptotic proteins, such as cIAP-2, livin, survivin, and XIAP (ii) Inhibition of tyrosine kinase [130 ] Black lentil NM HT-29, HCT116 0.9-2.0 mg/mL Hydroethanolic Delphinidin glycosides, procyanidin B1, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (high), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (i) Significantly arrested HT-29 cells in G1 (ii) Highest growth inhibition (iii) Increased percentage of apoptotic cells (i) Downregulation of apoptotic proteins, such as cIAP-2, livin, survivin, and XIAP (ii) Inhibition of tyrosine kinase [130 ] Graptopetalum paraguayense Leaf Caco-2, BV-2 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 mg/mL Hydroethanolic Oxalic acid, hydroxybutanedioic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, chlorogenic acid glucans with fucose, xylose, ribose (GW100) arabino-rhamnogalactans (GW100E) (i) Great potential in antiproliferation (ii) Significant immunomodulatory activities on BV-2 cells and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (GW100) (i) Scavenging α , α -diphenyl-β -picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH) (GW100E excelled in scavenging DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] radicals (ABTS), superoxide anions (O2) (GW100) (ii) Significant inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), scavenging ABTS and O2 [141 ] Butea monosperma Flower SW480 200, 370 μ g/mL Floral n-Butanol Significant antiproliferative effect (i) Significantly downregulated the expression of Wnt signaling proteins such as β -catenin, APC, GSK-3β , cyclin D1, and c-Myc (ii) Increased intracellular level of ROS [142 ] Rehmannia glutinosa NM CT26 5, 20, 80 μ M NM Catalpol Inhibited proliferation and growth invasion of colon cancer cells (i) Downregulated MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expressions (ii) Reduction in the angiogenic markers secretions [143 ] Telectadium dongnaiense Bark HCT116 1.5, 2.0 μ g/mL MeOH extract 4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, quercetin 3-rutinoside, periplocin NM (i) Inhibition of β- catenin/TCF transcriptional activity and effects on Wnt/β -catenin (ii) Downregulation of the expression of Wnt target genes [144 ] Gloriosa superba Root SW620 30 ng/mL Protein hydrolysate extract Protein hydrolysate NM (i) Upregulation of p53 (ii) Downregulation of NFκ B [145 ] Boswellia serrata Resin HT-29 100, 150 μ g Methanolic Boswellic acid Decreased cell viability (i) Reduction in mPGES-1, VEGF, CXCR4, MMP-2, MMP-9, HIF-1, PGE2 expression (ii) Increment in the caspase 3 activity (iii) Inhibition of cell migration and vascular sprout formation [146 ] Typhonium flagelliforme Leaf WiDr 70 μ g/mL Ethyl acetate Glycoside flavonoid, isovitexin, alkaloids NM Inhibition of COX-2 expression [28 ] Diospyros kaki Fruit HT-29 2,000 μ g/mL Hydroacetone extract Polyphenol Impaired cell proliferation and invasion NM [147 ] Carpobrotus edulis Leaf HCT116 1,000 mg/mL Hydroethanolic Gallic acid, quercetin, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, luteolin 7-o-glucoside, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, ellagic acid, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside Inhibited proliferation (i) Possession of high DPPH scavenging activity and effective capacity for iron binding (ii) Inhibition of NO radical, linoleic acid peroxidation, protein glycation, and oxidative damage [148 ] Piper methysticum Root HT-29 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 μ g/mL Aqueous 11-Hydroxy-12-methoxydihydrokavain, 11-hydroxy-12-methoxydihydrokavain, prenyl caffeate, pinostrobin chalcone, 11-methoxytetrahydroyangonin, awaine, methysticin, dihydromethysticin, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroyangonin, kavain, 7,8-dihydrokavain, yangonin, desmethoxyyangonin, flavokawain B Inhibited the growth NM [26 ] Salvia ballotiflora Ground aerial parts CT26 6.76 μ g/mL Hexane-washed chloroform extract 19-Deoxyicetexone, 7,20-dihydroanastomosine, icetexone, 19-deoxyisoicetexone Cytotoxic activity NM [149 ] Tinospora cordifolia Stem HCT116 1, 10, 30, 50 μ M Hydroalcoholic Clerodane furano diterpene glycoside, cordifoliosides A and Β, sitosterol, ecdysterone, 2β ,3β :15,16-diepoxy-4α , 6β -dihydroxy-13(16),14-clerodadiene-17,12:18,1-diolide Induced chromatin condensation and fragmentation of nuclei of few cells (i) Considerable loss of MMP (ii) Decreased in mitochondria function (iii) Increased cytochrome c in the cytosol (iv) Induced ROS/oxidative stress (v) Increased autophagy [150 ] Euterpe oleracea Fruit NM 35 μ g/mL Hydroethanolic Vanillic acid, orientin, isoorientin NM (i) Scavenging capacity towards ROO and HOCl (ii) Inhibition of nitroso compound formation [151 ] Salvia miltiorrhiza NM HCT116 , Ethanolic Diterpene quinone NM Decreased levels of pro-caspases 3 and 9 [152 ] Coffea Bean HCT116 1 mg/mL Aqueous Chlorogenic acid complex (CGA7) NM (i) DNA fragmentation, PARP-1 cleavage, caspase 9 activation, downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax [153 ] Illicium verum Fruit HCT116 10 mg/mL Ethanolic Gallic acid quercetin Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of key steps of metastasis NM [154 ] Garcinia propinqua Craib Leaf HCT116 NM CH2Cl2 extract Benzophenones, xanthones, and caged xanthones Potent inhibitory cytotoxicities NM [155 ] Stem, bark HCT116 14.23, 23.95 μ M MeOH, CH2 Cl2 , and EtOAc extract Xerophenone A, doitunggarcinones A and B, sampsonione, 7β -H-11-benzoyl-5α -ydroxy-6, 10-tetramethyl-1-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-tetracyclotetradecane-2,12,14-trione, hypersampsone M, assiguxanthone A (cudraxanthone Q), 40 10-O-methylmacluraxanthone (16), 41- and 5-O-methylxanthone V1 NM NM [156 ] Malus pumila Miller cv. Annurca Fruit Caco-2 400 mg/L Methanolic Chlorogenic acid, (+)catechin, (–)epicatechin, isoquercetin, rutin, phloridzin, procyanidin B2, phloretin, quercetin WNT inhibitors and reduced WNT activity elicited by WNT5A NM [157 ] Malus domestica cv. Limoncella Fruit Caco-2 400 mg/L Methanolic Chlorogenic acid, (+)catechin, (–)epicatechin, isoquercetin, rutin, phloridzin, procyanidin B2, phloretin, quercetin WNT inhibitors and reduced WNT activity elicited by WNT5A NM [157 ] Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen Leaf HCT116 0.5, 1 mg/mL Aqueous Coixspirolactam A, coixspirolactam B, coixspirolactam C, coixlactam, methyl dioxindole-3-acetate NM Inhibited migration, invasion, and adhesion via repression of the ERK1/2 and Akt pathways under hypoxic conditions [158 ] Mesua ferrea Stem, bark HCT116, HT-29 3.3, 6.6, and 11.8 μ g/mL NM Fractions (α -amyrin, SF-3, n-Hex) Downregulation of multiple tumor promoter Upregulation of p53, Myc/Max, and TGF-β signaling pathways [159 ] Taraxacum Root SGC7901, BGC823 3 mg/mL Aqueous NM NM Proliferation and migration through targeting lncRNA-CCAT1 [160 ] Portulaca oleracea Leaf HT-29 CSCs 2.25 μ g/mL Alcoholic Oxalic, malic acid NM Inhibited expression of the Notch1 and β -catenin genes, regulatory and target genes that mediate the Notch signal transduction pathway [161 ] Hordeum vulgare L. NM HT-29 NM Aqueous & juice Protein, dietary fiber, the B vitamins, niacin, vitamin B6, manganese, phosphorus, carbohydrates (i) Inhibited proliferation of cancer cells (ii) Cytotoxic activity Free radical scavenging activity [162 ] Paraconiothyrium sp. NM COLO 205 and KM12 12.5 μ M Methyl ethyl ketone extract n-Hexane, CH2 Cl2 , EtOAc, and MeOH fractions (A−D) (i) Growth inhibitory activity (ii) Antiproliferative effect NM [163 ] Mentha×piperita Leaf HCT116 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 μ g/mL Aqueous Polyphenols NM Inhibited replication of DNA and transcription of RNA which induce the ROS [164 ] Mammea longifolia Planch. and Triana Fruit SW480 25, 50, 100 μ g/mL Methanolic NM NM Mitochondria-related apoptosis and activation of p53 [165 ] Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill. NM HCT116, SW-480 <4, <20 μ g/mL EtOH Rollitacin, jimenezin, membranacin, desacetyluvaricin, laherradurin Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Annona diversifolia Saff. NM SW-480 0.5 μ g/mL NM Cherimolin-2 Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] A. purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal NM HT-29 1.47 μ g/mL CHCl3 -MeOH Purpurediolin, purpurenin, annoglaucin, annonacin A Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Viguiera decurrens (A.Gray) A. Gray NM NM 3.6 μ g/mL Hex; EtOAc; MeOH β -Sitosterol-3-O-β -D-glucopyranoside; β -D-glucopyranosyl oleanolate; β -sitosterol-3-O-β -D-glucopyranoside, and oleanolic acid-3-O-methyl-β -D-glucuronopyranoside ronoateCytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Helianthella quinquenervis (Hook.) A. Gray NM HT-29 2-10 μ g/mL NM Demethylencecalin Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Smallanthus maculatus (Cav.) H. Rob. NM HCT15 <20 μ g/mL Acetone Fraction F-4, fraction F-5, ursolic acid Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Bursera fagaroides (Kunth) Engl. NM HF6 1.8×10-4 to 2.80 μ g/mL Hydroalcoholic Podophyllotoxin, β -peltatin-A methyl ether, 5 - desmethoxy-β -peltatin-A methyl ether, desmethoxy-yatein, deoxypodophyllotoxin, burseranin, acetyl podophyllotoxin NM (i) Inhibitor of microtubules (ii) Ability to arrest cell cycle in metaphase [54 ] Viburnum jucundum C.V. Morton NM HCT15 <20 μ g/mL Acetone Ursolic acid Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Hemiangium excelsum (Kunth) A.C.Sm. NM HCT15 <10 (μ g/mL) MeOH PE, EtOAc, MeOH Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. NM Col2 <4, <20 μ g/mL NM Pectinolide A, pectinolide B, pectinolide C, α -pyrone, boronolide, deacetylepiol-guine Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] H. verticillata Jacq. NM Col2 <4,<20 μ g/mL NM Dehydro-β -peltatin, methyl ether dibenzylbutyrolactone, (-)-yatein, 4 - demethyl-deoxypodophyllotoxin Nonspecific cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] H. suaveolens (L.) NM HF6 2.8-12 μ g/mL Chloroform and butanol β -ApopicropodophyllinNonspecific cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Salvia leucantha Cav. Leaf, root, stem HF6, HT-29, HCT15 14.9, 12.7, 9.9 μ g/mL CHCl3 NM Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Vitex trifolia L. NM HCT15 3.5 to <1 (μ g/mL) Hexane and dichloromethane Salvileucalin B, Hex: leaf, Hex: stem, DCM: leaf, DCM: stem Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Persea americana Mill. NM HT-29 <4 μ g/mL and <20 μ g/mL Ethanolic 1,2,4-trihydroxynonadecan, 1,2,4-trihydroxyheptadec-16-ene, 1,2,4-trihydroxyheptadec-16-yne Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Linum scabrellum Roots, aerial parts HF6 0.2, 0.5, 2.3 μ g/mL Chloroform and butanol DCM: MeOH, 6MPTOXPTOX NM (i) Induction of cell cycle arrest in G2/M (ii) Inhibition of tubulin polymerization [54 ] Phoradendron reichenbachianum (Seem.) Oliv. NM HCT15 3.6, 3.9, and 4.3 μ g/mL NM Moronic acid Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Cuphea aequipetala Cav. NM HCT15 18.70 μ g/mL Acetone NM Cytotoxic inactivity NM [54 ] Galphimia glauca Cav. NM HCT15 0.63, 0.50, 1.99 μ g/mL EtOH, MeOH, aqueous NM Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Mimulus glabratus Kunth NM HF6 12.64 μ g/mL MeOH NM Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Picramnia antidesma Sw. NM HCT15 0.6 to 4.5 μ M NM 10-Epi-uveoside, uveoside, picramnioside E, picramnioside D Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth NM HF6 15.19 μ g/mL MeOH NM Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] P. campanulatus (Cav.) Willd. NM HF6 6.74 μ g/mL MeOH NM Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Veronica americana Schwein. ex Benth. NM HF6 0.169 and 1.46 μ g/mL MeOH NM Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Zea mays L.NM HCT116, SW-480, SW-620 NM NM 13-Hydroxy-10-oxo-trans-11-octadecenoic acid Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Colubrina macrocarpa (Cav.) G. Don NM HCT15 10, 2.1, 9.1 μ g/mL PE, EtOAc, MeOH NM Cytotoxic activity NM [54 ] Coix lacryma-jobi Seed, endosperm, and hull HT-29 0.1–1,000 μ g/mL Methanolic, hexane Phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, and β -sitosterol), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoicacid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), linoleic acid NM (i) Influence of signal transduction pathways that involve the membrane phospholipids (ii) Enhancement of ROS generation and decrease of cell antioxidant capacity [166 ] Abutilon indicum Leaf HT-29 210 μ g/mL Aqueous Flavonoids (4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl, 2-ethoxy-4-vinylphenol, N,N - dimethylglycine, lup-20(29)-en-3-one, linolenin, 1-mono-, 9-hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, linolenic acid methyl ester), phenolic (amino acids, terpenoids, fatty acids, methyl palmitoleate) NM (i) Increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species and simultaneous reduction in cellular antioxidant, mitochondrial membrane loss, DNA damage, and G1/S phase cell cycle arrest [167 ] Galla rhois NM HCT116, HT-29 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 μ g/mL Aqueous with steaming process Gallotannins Increased contents of gallic acid and ellagic acid (i) Induced apoptosis through the activation of caspases 3, 8, 9 (ii) Modulated activation of mitogen and protein kinases, p38, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase [168 ] Artemisia annua Linné Powder HCT116 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100 μ g/mL Ethanolic Phenolic compounds Inhibited cell viability and increased LDH release (i) PTEN/p53/PDK1/Akt signal pathways through PTEN/p53 induce apoptosis (ii) Increased apoptotic bodies, caspase 3 and 7 activation (iii) Regulated cytochrome c translocation to the cytoplasm and Bax translocation to the mitochondrial membrane [169 ] Nelumbo nucifera stamenPowder HCT116 100, 200, 400 μ g/mL Ethanolic crude NM NM (i) Increased the sub-G1 population, mRNA levels of caspases 3 and 8, levels of Iκ Bα and caspase 9 (ii) Modulated the Bcl-2 family mRNA expression (iii) Reduced the mRNA levels of NFκ B [170 ] Corn silk NM LoVo, HCT116 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 μ g/mL Aqueous Proteins, polysaccharides, flavonoid, vitamins, tannins, alkaloids, mineral salts, steroids NM (i) Increase in the Bax, cytochrome c, caspases 3 and 9 levels [171 ] Lycium barbarum L. Powder HT-29 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 μ g/mL NM Neoxanthin, all-trans-β -cryptoxanthin, polysaccharides, carotenoids, flavonoids NM (i) Upregulation of p53 and p21 expression (ii) Downregulation of the CDK2, CDK1, cyclin A, and cyclin B expression (iii) Arrest in the G2/M phase of cell cycle [172 ] Chrysobalanus icaco L. Freeze-dried fruit HT-29 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 μ g/mL Crude ethyl acetate Delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, and peonidin NM (i) Increased intracellular ROS production (ii) Decreased TNF-α , IL-1β , IL-6, and NFκ B1 expressions [173 ] Zanthoxylum piperitum De CandolleFruit Caco-2, DLD-1 200 μ g/mL Aqueous NM NM (i) Increased the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) [174 ] Celtis aetnensis (Tornab.) Strobl (Ulmaceae) Twigs Caco-2 5, 50, 100, 250, or 500 μ g/mL Methanolic Flavonoid and triterpenic compounds NM (i) Increase in the levels of ROS (ii) Decrease in RSH levels and expression of HO-1 [175 ] Rosa canina Peel and pulp Caco-2 62.5, 125, 250, 500 μ g/mL Total extract (fraction 1), vitamin C (fraction 2), neutral polyphenols (fraction 3), and acidic polyphenols (fraction 4) Polyphenols Decreased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) NM [176 ] Rhazya stricta Leaf HCT116 47, 63, 79, and 95 μ g/cm2 Crude alkaloid Alkaloids NM (i) Downregulated DNA-binding and transcriptional activities of NFκ B and AP-1 proteins (ii) Increase in Bax, caspases 3/7 and 9, p53, p21 and Nrf-2 levels (iii) Decrease in expression of ERK MAPK, Bcl-2, cyclin D1, CDK-4, survivin, and VEGF [177 ] Green coffee NM Caco-2 10-1,000 μ g/mL NM 5-Caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA), ferulic acid (FA), caffeic acid (CA), dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA), dihydroferulic acid (DHFA) Reduced viability of cancer cells NM [178 ] Flourensia microphylla Leaf HT-29 NM Ethanolic and acetone Phenolic compounds NM (i) Inhibition of IL-8 (ii) Activation of apoptosis by the increment of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and expression of TNF family [179 ]