Acetaldehyde Induces Neurotoxicity In Vitro via Oxidative Stress- and Ca²⁺ Imbalance-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

Figure 4

Changes of intracellular ROS and Ca²⁺ concentration in HT22 cells after treatment with ADE for 24 h. (a) DCFH-DA (green) was used to evaluate the intracellular ROS levels. The confocal microscope was used to take the fluorescence images. (b) ImageJ software was used to quantitatively analyze intracellular ROS levels in HT22 cells. (c) Representative images of Ca²⁺ levels in HT22 cell treatment with ADE under confocal microscopy. The levels of intracellular Ca²⁺ are indicated by green. (d) Quantitative analysis of representative intracellular Ca²⁺ levels in the control and ADE-treated HT22 cells by ImageJ software (, vs the control group, ). Statistical comparisons were made using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison tests.

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