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Epigenetic mechanisms | Irradiation organ | Epigenetic functions | Target genes/proteins | Damage effects | Reference |
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DNA methylation | Brain | Increased expression of DNMT1 and 3a | Increased expression of TET1 and TET3 proteins | Radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction | Acharya et al. [116] |
Thymus | Decreased expression of DNMT1, 3a, and 3b | Decrease in the levels of methyl-binding proteins MeCP2 and MBD2 | Increased the risk of radiation-inducedleukemia and thymic lymphoma | Pogribny et al. [119] |
Human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) | Decreased DNMT1 expression | Downregulation of RB1 expression | DNA damage and apoptosis | Antwih et al. [118] |
Brain | Decreased expression of DNMT1, 3a, and 3b | Decrease in the levels of methyl-binding protein MeCP2 | Bystander effect in the spleen | Koturbash et al. [120] |
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Histone methylation | Intestine | Increased expression of histone H3 methylation | — | Radiation-induced intestinal damage | Herberg et al. [124] |
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Histone acetylation | Skin | Inhibition of HDAC activity | — | Radiation-induced skin damage and carcinogenesis | Zhang et al. [125] |
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Regulation of miRNAs | Hematopoietic system | Upregulation of miR-30a-3p, miR-30c-5p, etc. | — | Radiation-induced hematopoietic damage | Acharya et al. [129] |
Lung | Upregulation of miR-19a-3p, miR-144-5p, and miR-144-3p | — | Radiation-induced lung injury | Gao et al. [135] |
Spleen | Increased expression of miR-34a | Upregulation of gene p53 | Radiation-induced spleen damage | Ghosh et al. [137] |
Hematopoietic and osteoblast cells | Increased expression of miR-30c | Suppression of gene REDD1 | Radiation-induced hematopoietic and osteoblast cell damage | Li et al. [131] |
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